Yu.E. Berezkin, E.N. Duvakin

Thematic classification and distribution of folklore and mythological motifs by area

Analytical catalogue

Introduction
Bibliography
Ethnicities and habitats

F32. The snake son is collecting fruit.

.53.56.-.59.62.-.64.67.68.70.74.

Young children or one infant who temporarily become adult men and/or come out of the womb, or snakes living in a woman's womb, climb a tree and help she picks fruit, bark, tree mushrooms, etc.; or the father discovers his daughter's connection with the snake when he climbs a tree to collect fruit for it.

Honduras-Panama. Cabecar [snake kids hunt birds by climbing a fruit tree]: Bozzoli, Cubero Venegas, Constenla Umaña 1983:6; bribri [it's not entirely clear who the children's father was]: Bozzoli 1977, 179-181 [The husband discovers that someone supplies his wife with meat; watches her, sees a big man enter her cabin; leaves his wife; she gives birth to two sons; her mother sees them grow into snakes climb trees for fruit, or swim in a pond and fish; the pond is getting bigger; God is afraid that the whole earth will become water; asks the Devil (Sorkura) to help shoot snakes; S. kills her own, God deliberately misses; now this snake lives at sunrise], 182 [a woman breastfeeds two snakes; this is her son and daughter; in the form of snakes, they climb trees for birds, fish in pond; humans kill a male snake; female goes into the water; sometimes produces thunder, swallows people]; Bozzoli, Cubero Venegas, Constenla Umaña 1983:39-43; Stone 1962:55-56.

Llanos. Sicuani: Wilbert, Simoneau 1992, No. 98 [the girl has a fiance but does not sleep with him; the snake Tsawaliwali in the groom's guise copulates with her in the garden; she is two years pregnant, the groom leaves her when he sees her how a snake turns into a lover; a snake son crawls out of his mother's womb, drops fruit from a tree for her, returns to the womb every time; a pregnant mother advises to collect saliva in a cup of leaf, put the serpent's tail there; he thinks that his tail is in the womb of his mother, and his mother has run away; the serpent goes down his father's hole; says that if his father did not accept him, he would have become a morice palm tree; his mother is dead, he took her soul], 99 [the snake lay down on the path, the woman took her daughter in her arms, stepped over it, but the daughter still became pregnant; the snake son Tsewaliwali tells his mother from the womb that she will crawl out and throw off her fruit from the tree; her mother left his tail in the saliva collected in a leaf, ran away; a serpent in the form of a boy came to the house, asked him to make him a hat, weaving parrot feathers and mako feathers into it; all relatives look as he enters the river; when he disappeared under water and came to his father, there was a thunder; his mother died, he took her soul], 141 [Wereketo's father-in-law gives his son-in-law a new job; asking him to get a new job palm starch, tells the tree to grow; the young man asks the Caracara bird to call him (boys!) for help the grandfather of the Royal Vulture; the Vulture lowers the young man to the ground, and the palm tree falls; the young man returns home in the guise of a water snake, lives in his mother's womb; crawling out of his womb, climbs a tree, drops mother pendare fruits; when the serpent was in the tree, the mother ran away and hid; the serpent came in the guise of a young man; enters the river when she greets her father, thunder is heard; the mother dies, her spirit falls where her son]: 366-368, 369-370, 476-477.

Southern Venezuela. Sanema [Colchester 1981, No. 31:64-65; in the forest, the Serpent shed fruit on a woman; she sat on the ground, he climbed into her vagina; so she came home with him, giggled at night; in the morning she put the snake in a vessel, told do not open the lid; the husband opened it, poured boiling latex, the snake died]: Wilbert, Simoneau 1990b, No. 228:440-441; yanomam [Paka woman secretly met Earthworm; hid it behind her hearth at a pile of brushwood; in the forest, the Worm turned into a man, caught a lot of game for his wife; the woman explains to her brother that the game was killed by a falcon; in the forest, the Worm threw fruits from the tree, then went down, climbed into her vagina; brother and mother found Worm at home, covered with hot coals; when the woman began to give birth, earthworms climbed from her whole body; she threw herself into the water; worms born in the river became electric eels; Paka turned into a pack]: Wilbert, Simoneau 1990b, No. 227:436-439

Guiana. Varrau: García 1993, No. 89 [Matiaguare tells the sisters not to swim in the river; the youngest only pours calebasa water over herself, the eldest climbs into the water; becomes pregnant; despite her big belly, bears a lot of fruit; M. spies on her son (he is a snake below the waist) comes out of her womb, climbs a tree, then returns; next time he kills a snake child with an arrow; they crawl out of his corpse worms turn into Caribbean; kill son M.; he finds the Caribbean sleeping in their house, finds the remains of their son, cuts off the ropes of hammocks, the Caribbean falls, some die, some run away into the forest; the house turns into worms, black worms; M. killed many Caribs, but they killed his younger brother; then M. made peace with them, they went to the forest]: 276-279; Wilbert 1970, No. 24 [Mária-Guari has two younger sisters; he does not tell they swim in the river, and in the pond only in his presence; the eldest bathes alone, gets pregnant with a snake; MG sees a baby snake crawl out of her womb, climbs a tree, turns into a man, throws her off fruits, then returns to the bosom; MG shot a snake child with a bow; she collects them, each turns into a cariba; first they are friends with Warrau; one day their mother kills a child Varrau because they once killed her son; since then, tribes have been at odds], 25 [the shaman swims every night, others are not allowed in this place, especially women; the girl has swam, is pregnant with a snake; bears a lot of fruit from the forest; two men watched a snake crawl out of her womb, climb a tree, shed fruit; when he climbed off the tree, they killed him with arrows], 26 [brother does not tell the girl to swim during her period; she broke ban, got pregnant with the Uamma snake {anaconda?} ; it was the season of cutting Mimusops balata trees to get edible seeds; the girl did not take the ax into the forest, but returned with seeds; her brother watched and saw the Uamma snake crawl out of her womb, sheds the seeds, comes back; the next time the brother brought friends, they cut a snake on the ground; the mother collected pieces, each came the Caribbean; at first they were friends with the Warrau, both tribes sent to each other a child's friend with pieces of game; once an aged Caribbean mother ordered a child to be killed because the Warrau had once killed her lover; in response, the Warrau killed a Caribbean child, and enmity began]: 76-77, 78-79, 80 -81; Caribbean Dominica: Delavarde 1938 [Sésé Arawak girl violates the ban on swimming during her period; became pregnant by a "dog's head" snake living in a pond; comes ashore every night , the snake comes out of the water in the guise of a man, they make love; S. gave birth to a boy in his mother's house; every night he goes to the pond to play with his father, then returns to his mother's bosom; brother S. wonders how without an ax to cut down a tree, she pulls out Mimusops riedleana seeds; watches S., sees a snake crawl out of her womb, climbs a tree, turns into a man, shakes branches, fruits fall; the next day, the brother cuts the snake into pieces; S. collected them, covered them with leaves; there are huts in this place, in which the Caribbean; at first they lived peacefully, but then S. tells them to take revenge on the Arawaks]: 202-203; Taylor 1952, No. 3c [girl copulates with a snake man; a snake gives birth to a human head; a shaman explains to her how to escape from her son; she sends her son to get fruit from a tree, leaves saliva responsible for it; her urine turns into the river is carried away by a snake; it turns into a constellation (parts of Scorpio, Aquarius, Capricorn)]: 269-270 (retelling in Robiou-Lamarche 1990a:38); Caribbean (Orinoco) [a snake son crawls out of his mother's body, climbs a tree, sheds fruit for it, returns to its womb]: Civrieux 1974:110; trio [babies in human form coming out of the womb and returning there]: Koelewijn, Riviere 1987, no. 32, 33:124-128; Magaña 1987, No. 80:149.

NW Amazon. Baniva [by the river, a woman calls a water snake to hit the calebass; the husband kills the snake with an arrow; when a woman is told that she ate, she feels nauseous; another fish emerges from her vomiting; the woman wants collect fruits; a snake son crawls out of her womb, climbs a tall tree; she runs, a snake flies after her; she rushes into the river, turns into a fish of the Pimelodideos family]: Brüzzi 1994 (kumandene) [the husband pretends to be sick, lousy; the wife does not feed him; the husband looks after his wife; his brother throws snake scales into the river, they turn into fish; brothers eat fish, the woman is given snake meat; they tell her; the son is a snake answers the mother from the womb; she leaves saliva responsible for herself, hides in the house; her mother tells her to go to the snake]: 220-222; Wright 1995 (hohodene) [two young men inform her husband about his wife's infidelity; the forest spirit is the host a wind gun helps kill a snake with an arrow; sperm turns into four types of fish; husband's brother catches them, gives them to a woman; brothers say she ate her lover's penis; woman hides under a vessel, a snake sits on the roof of the house, sends ants for it; the woman returns to the tree, leaves the frog in her place, rushes into the river; people kill the snake]: 41-42; vacuenai [wife of the created from bones (SK) goes to the site, calls Anaconda by the river, hitting the water with a calebasa; Anaconda goes out, takes off her snake clothes, copulates, returns to the river; gives the woman a necklace of their shells for this; The bird said about this UK; he took a relative with him, shot at the sky, so that the dart hit Anaconda from above; they wanted to kill the woman too, but the arrows hit only his lover; they found Anaconda's corpse, already containing worms; They are now called "Anaconda's penis"; they are Europeans; the UK let his wife eat Anaconda's penis under the guise of a fried fish; she ran to the river, regurgitated the crab and fish; and an anaconda began to grow in her womb; getting part out of her vagina, ate the food that the woman tried to take in her mouth; on the advice of relatives, the woman came to the fruit tree; the anaconda got out to pick fruit; the woman spat in one of dropped fruit, put the tail of an anaconda in it so that her son thought he was still connected to his mother, ran away; relatives hid her in a hole in the forest; Anaconda did not find her, returned to the river; people also abandoned the woman into the river, she became a catfish with a swollen stomach (bagre-sapo)]: Hill 2009:33-37; Brüzzi 1994 (kumandene) [husband pretends to be sick, lousy; wife doesn't feed him; husband watches his wife; his brother leaves snake scales into the river, they turn into fish; brothers eat fish, give a woman snake meat; tell her; a snake son answers his mother from the womb; she leaves saliva responsible for herself, hides in the house; her mother tells her go to the snake]: 220-222; Wright 1995 (hohodene) [two young men inform their husband about his wife's infidelity; the forest spirit, the owner of the wind gun, helps kill the snake with an arrow; sperm turns into four types of fish; husband's brother catches them, gives them to the woman; brothers say she ate her lover's penis; a woman hides under a vessel, a snake sits on the roof of the house, sends ants after her; a woman returns to a tree, leaves a frog instead of himself, he rushes into the river; people kill a snake]: 41-42; guariquena [a woman's son is a water snake; leaves the tip of his tail in her mother's vagina, climbs a tree for fruit; calls out to her all the time she answers; puts her saliva in the basket, tells him to be responsible for it, runs away; the saliva dries up, the snake son rushes to look for his mother; tells his father Awáda that his wife is missing; he pursues her; Orinoco killed him with arrows, so Orinoco is muddy]: González Ñañez 1980, No. 8:190-191; Tariana [Wanani's wife took the Tunini water snake as her lover; approaching the river, she summoned him hitting the water with a calebasa; T. gave her a gold earring; V. dressed up as the woman's old grandmother, came to her in the field, persuaded her to store the earring; then the woman saw her husband's, realized that he was hers deceived; V. waited for lovers, killed T. with an arrow; his penis, disguised as a fish, let his wife eat, told her about it; she ran to the river, she vomited, this gave rise to jacunda fish; V. decided to leave before that having organized a dabukuri festival; the wife must serve the organizer a bowl of beer; but V. and after him, all but the last men refused to accept the cup; the last was the Woodpecker (Pica-pau), said it was he became pregnant with a woman; men led by V. began to dance and on the third attempt went up into the sky, throwing down their dance rods; left alone, the woman collected fruits, the snake son crawled out of her womb, climbed a tree for fruit; the woman left the frog to answer for herself, rushed to the river, began paddling in the boat, sailed to her father's house; the snake went to the house, called her mother; the woman's father threw her into the water, she became a daruyë fish]: Moreira, Moreira 1994:21-23; cubeo [Wanari sails in a boat, a woman appears in it; in his absence agrees to fly away with the Royal Vulture (CS); W. took the form of an old man, knocked out a bird, who promises to take him to his wife if he cures her; his wife did not recognize him; after the end of the holiday, Dabukuri W. became younger; the Constitutional Court agrees to take W. and his wife to the ground; ways ask, is my belching fragrant? - Yes! On the ground, W. screams that belching stinks; after the death of his first wife, W. takes the youngest of the old woman's two daughters; she converges with the Serpent in the guise of a man; W. followed, killed his lover with an arrow, let the penis eat to his wife disguised as a fish; said that she ate; mother-in-law asked W. to clear the plot; the birds helped to do this in a day; the snake son came out of W.'s wife's womb to collect fruit for her; the tip remained in the womb; the woman threw him at the foot of the tree, ran home with her sister; W. made all the participants of the festival look like him, left himself; people rose to the sky, a storm began; W.'s wife turned into a river dolphin , her sister and mother threw her into the river; the serpent son screams to his mother, Inhom, inhom! ]: Pereira 1980 (1): 275; tucano [(Brüzzi 1965:70); Dyâpinõ-maxk, daughter of a water serpent, cheated on her husband with her cousin, also a water serpent; husband waited, killed rival; the wife is pregnant; she went to collect fruits, but can no longer climb the tree; the snake baby came out of her womb, climbed to collect fruits; she was afraid of his sight, ran to the house, hid under the pot; the snake son after her, called her from the roof of the house, the flood began; when the water flooded the house, D. turned into a fish, the snake son swam after her]: Bodiger 1965:70; maku [Idn Kamni makes a woman out of rubber; she snacks a stick with her vagina; coati or piranha extracts her vaginal teeth; she comes to the site pregnant, although IR has not yet copulated with her; he watches her, sees her squatting, picks up a leaf, a snake comes out of the mink; IR does not take food from it, causes the snake with the same signal, throws a noose over it, gives ends to two birds; when the wife sits down, the birds tighten the noose that has entered part of the snake's vagina remains there; IC goes to collect fruits with his wife, drops them from the tree; the fetus falls on her stomach, she gives birth to snakes; IR cuts off their heads, they turn into spiders; this is how snakes and spiders appeared ]: Silverwood-Cope 1972, No. 5:231-232; bora [girl got pregnant from a worm but everyone thought that from her own father, no one wanted to marry her; people left leaving the girl and her father alone; father climbed a tree, threw fruits that fell on her daughter's stomach; she immediately gave birth to a fish son; left her in her cradle at home, went to the site to dig cassava herself; the father saw the child, threw it into the water; the daughter cried, went back to the river, got pregnant again, gave birth to an ax; sent it along with the berries she had collected to her father; went to live under water; her family despised her, but her father sent supplies through a crocodile]: Wavrin 1932:142; arapaso [anaconda Dia Pino is the ancestor of arapaso; taking the guise of a handsome man, she meets his wife Iapo; she calls her lover from the river every time, hitting the calebass; I. hid in a tree, waiting for lovers began to throw poisoned wind gun darts at the man; he threw himself into the water, became an anaconda, swam to Numiani Tuku Island, his body surfaced; the husband cut off the anaconda's penis, put it in a bag along with fish, let his wife fry and eat; began to play the flute, the wife understood everything, rushed to the river, began to drink, regurgitated a snake-like fish; the husband left, the woman became pregnant; the baby from her womb offers the mother to pick fruit from the tree for her; in the form of a snake came out of her mouth, threw fruit, the tail remained in the woman; she left the frog to answer for itself (when the fruit fell, the woman always said "wow") sailed away in a boat; an anaconda son, his name Unurato, noticed her, lay down on a house that was actually a hill; people drove the woman away, she threw herself into the river, became a piranha; W. in the guise of an anaconda, becoming everything more, he swam to Manaus; taking the form of a man, he met a European; when he appeared in front of him in the form of a snake, he shot him, the snakeskin came off; so the arapaso was Pina Mahsa, "Snake Men"]: Chernela, Leed 2003:46-48.

Central Amazon. The Middle Amazon [a woman gets pregnant by a demon, gives birth to a snake; he is always with her; one day he climbs a tree, she runs away; he goes up to heaven where she is now visible (Milky Way?) ; people sleep, don't hear his call; reptiles and trees hear, they now change their skin and don't die]: Barbosa Rodrigues 1890:234-235; maue [son of a serpent in human form]: Pereira 1954:121-122; Ugge 1991, No. 1:116-121; parintintin [Tabae (Baira's grandmother) finds an egg; a snake crawls out of an egg into her stomach; when she comes to the chestnut tree, she spreads her legs, the snake crawls out, collects fruits for her; people followed the old woman, killed her and the snake, burned the corpse; at this place there was a vegetable garden with corn, cassava, yams, bananas, etc.; birds taught people how to cook agricultural products; a snake turned into a vine on a chestnut tree]: Pereira 1980 (2): 589-591; Lower reaches of Japura (manao?) [the girl has a period; she bathes, leaving her clothes on the shore; a snake crawls into her clothes; the girl is pregnant, gives birth to a son; at night he is a snake, in the daytime he is a man; every evening she returns to her mother's bosom; everything grows; her brother and father ask for help from the forest owners, a man Curupira and a woman Caa-Maña; a snake son climbs a tree, sheds his mother's fruit; she runs; she does not want her son to be killed; he rises to the sky, becomes Boyusu's great serpent; it's a rainbow during the day, a spot on the Milky Way at night]: Tastevin 1925:178-183; the lower reaches of Rio Negro (manao?) [a woman comes to a married man's house; she spins, she is poorly fed; the owner gives her two mutum eggs to eat, puts her hair in one of them; the woman becomes pregnant, the son talks to her from the womb; crawls out a snake, climbs a tree, sheds fruit for her mother; a woman runs, a man hides her in a vessel; a snake rises to heaven; tells her grandfather that it will appear in early summer when it is necessary to weed vegetable gardens]: Barbosa Rodrigues 1890:242-243; mura [married woman ten months pregnant, unable to walk; her two snake sons speak from her womb, carry her to a tree, get out of her womb, they crawl on a tree, shed its fruits, return to its bosom, carry it back; her husband watches snakes, kills by the tree; they rise to the sky, turn into a rainbow (blue and red stripes separated by a tree yellow)]: Tastevin 1923, No. 4:531-532; munduruku [a woman Utukerebö comes to a tree, calls the green snake Tupašerebö to go down, copulates with him, then sheds its fruit; The mother says that she has collected the fruits that lay on the ground; her brother spies on her, calls the snake in the voice of W.; kills him; W. finds the corpse; gave birth to a son from the snake; he grew up asking his uncle to give him arrow, shot him with this arrow]: Murphy 1958, No. 49:125-126.

Eastern Amazon. Spiking [the younger brother does not give her sister fish, she catches herself; on the way back she finds, bakes, eats a mutum bird egg; gives birth to boys and girls; they hunt for her, return to her in womb; they climb a tree for chestnuts; she tells her brothers that she has found chestnuts on the ground; her younger brother watches, cuts the umbilical cords of children who have come out of the womb; the pieces turn into inedible fish; the children go away, become Munduruku Indians; kill their uncle when he visits them; both tribes begin to feud]: Nimuendaju 1922:399-400; urubu [the girl has just finished her first period; she ate a watermelon without asking permission from the owner of the site; became pregnant; an anaconda baby crawled out of her womb, climbed a tree, threw her mother's fruit, came back; brother peeked, cut an anaconda , the tail remained in the vagina; the whirlwind carried away both the trees and the woman; when the fallen forest dried, the woman was brought by Kouiou-maïé, who descended from the sky; with them, a beautiful girl she arose from the rest in anaconda's tail vagina; K. planted all cultivated plants, taught people how to make an alcoholic drink from cassava; then took his wife to heaven]: Ribeiro 2002:628-631.

Bolivia - Guaporé. Surui [two girls have their first period; one picks up an ant bird egg, it breaks, the contents flow into her vagina; she becomes pregnant; her unborn Rainbow Son tells her to go alone to to a fruit tree, comes out of the uterus, collects fruit for the mother, returns; people spy on her; a young man in love with her cuts the Rainbow; most of them rush to the sky, the rest rushes back to the uterus; a girl gives birth to a boy, he immediately becomes a man; cultivates a huge field, sows previously unknown corn; a monkey steals several grains, people learn about corn; several women are lost among corn, they became turtles]: Mindlin 1995, No. 1:3-5.

Southern Amazon. Kalapalo [the man married his younger sister, his elder rejected him; he cooked snake eggs for her, she ate and became pregnant; went to get bark, and her son from the womb offered to get bark, crawled onto a tree, began to shed its bark, and the tail remained in the woman's womb; the next time he threw fruit from the palm tree to his mother, but he crawled out and his mother killed him; cut off her head, threw him into the river, this is how the electric eel arose; the body turned into ferocious Kayapo Indians]: Basso 1987:286-291; Mehinacu: Gregor 1985:57; camayura: Münzel 1973:199; Seki 2010, No. 3 [coming back from vegetable garden, the woman picked up an egg, thought it was a bird's egg, put cassava in a basket of tubers, the egg broke, the contents fell into the woman's vagina, she became pregnant by a snake; three older brothers scold her, the youngest fourth does not scold; the woman wants to collect palm fruits, the snake comes out of her vagina, the tail remains in the woman, the snake crawls on the palm tree, sheds fruit, returns to the uterus; the woman tells his younger brother about it; he sees everything for himself; the woman provokes the snake to get the fruit from a taller palm tree, then from an even taller one; this time only the tip of the tail remains in the vagina, then he goes out; at his sister's request, the brother cuts the snake to pieces, puts the pieces in four piles; when he returns three days later, he sees that the pieces have become warriors, they make arrows; the warriors ask them to come mother; killing her older brothers, leaving; (p. 70: these are the ancestors of the Indians living downstream of Xingu)]: 205-221; Rickbacza [thinks it's a bird's egg, hangs it around her neck]: Pereira 1994, No. 7:87-88 ; paresi: Pereira 1986, No. 2:92-93; Pereira 1987, No. 105 [a girl finds a water snake egg, plays with it, gets pregnant, gives birth to a snake; he pulls out palm nuts for her; swims in the lake and comes back; when the woman's brother Matina did not bring game to her snake nephew from hunting, he swallowed it; replies to her mother that he could belch her brother back; goes to the lake forever]: 588; Umotina: Oberg 1953 [a woman finds an anaconda egg in the forest, puts it in a basket, carries it behind her back, the liquid from the burst egg enters her vagina; she conceives a snake son; he comes out of her womb, climbs a palm tree to collect for her nuts return to the bosom; a woman's two sons chop it into pieces; a woman buries him in a cleared area; it grows the first corn]: 108; Schultz 1962, No. g [people suppress fish with timbo poison; a woman picks up an anaconda egg with the fish, takes a mutum for an egg, puts it in a basket; the liquid from the burst egg enters her vagina; she conceives an anaconda son; he comes out of her womb, climbs a palm tree to collect nuts for her, returns; a woman's two sons chop it into pieces; before his death, an anaconda son asks him to bury it in the cleared area; he grows the first corn]: 236- 237; bororo: Wilbert, Simoneau 1983, No. 71 [the monstrous snake Butoríku devours a woman, hangs her necklace above the entrance to his cave; her son Pari Jura trains strength, leaves her on the trail obstacles; B. gets stuck under a fallen tree, PD kills him with a club; every woman gets a piece of meat; Aturuaródo does not cover her genitals with leaves, a snake conceived of blood; son comes out of her wombs, climbs a tree for fruit for his mother, returns to the womb; A. informs men about this, provokes his son to go out again; he is killed, burned; uruku, tobacco, cotton grow from ash], 72 [ Colbacchini 1925:190-192; Atuaroddo meets husband who killed an anaconda (ğure); gets pregnant from blood flowing from a snake's body; a snake son crawls out of her womb to a tree for fruit for his mother, returns into the womb; A. tells his brothers about this; they kill, burn a snake; uruku, tobacco, corn, cotton grow in this place]: 138-141, 142-144.

Eastern Brazil. Crasho [rattlesnake collects nuts for a girl who agrees to sleep with him; their son is Auke; takes the form of different animals before birth; people burned it; this is where a house appeared in which everything European things and A. himself is a European]: Wilbert, Simoneau 1984b, No. 34:95-96.

The Southern Cone. Yagani [Gusinde 1937:1198-1199; the mother carries the baby behind her back in a bag; went to pick wood mushrooms; the baby became a grown man, climbed a tree, threw mushrooms at her; then ordered lay down, threw them into her vulva; when he went down, began to have sex with her; her mother brought a lot of mushrooms, distributed them to the women who are happy; began to pick mushrooms every day; the women followed and told her husband; husband told his wife to take off his bag, the baby fell out, the husband saw his huge penis, cut it off; the child turned into a little woodpecker (Dendrocopus lignarius) with a strong beak and a long red tongue] : Wilbert 1977, No. 27:75-78