Introduction
Bibliography
Ethnicities and habitats

H36. False news (all variants) .10.-.15.17.19.21.-.23.26.27.29.-.30. (.31.) .34.35.37.38.40. (.47.) .52.61.65.

The character is sent to give instructions or some items. The messenger distorts the message, brings the wrong thing, loses what he needs, hesitates (and is overtaken by another messenger). This has important consequences for himself and for the future of people's lives.

Bushmen, Hottentots, Suto-chwana, Chwana, Zulu, Xhosa, Swazi, Ndebele, Ronga, Tsonga, Kamba, Kikuyu, Chuka, Nyakusa, Yaka, Loui, Subia, Kwaya, Beng, Bube, Douala, Kuta, Ganda, Embu, amberre, mwimbe, yao, tonga, Comorians, ila, bemba, lamba, akposo, eve, akan, ashanti, igbo, ijo, isoko and urhobo, mende, (bidiogo), margie, mukulehe, limba, Liberia, Baule, Kone (Sierra Leone), diola, hausa, Dagomba, Bulsa, Krachi, Dithammari, Ekoi, Vute, Nyanja, Safwa, Mkulwe, Conde, Venda, Ndau, Bongo, Nyangi, Joluo, Nandi, Nyimang, Mbai, Nubians, Oromo, Sandave, Malgashi, Berbers of Morocco (Ighrem), Berbers Zouahua (Kabylia), Tunisian Arabs, Egyptian Arabs, Portuguese, Palestinians, Gazelle Peninsula, Tibetans (Amdo), Lepcha, Sherdukpen, Apatani, Angami, Khasi, Mru, Burmese, Karen, (Kachins), Palaung, Kawa, Thais, Zhuang, Lao Black Tai, Viets, Gujarati, Bondo, Sora, Parenga, Kondas, Gondas, Telugu, Namuzi, Chinese (Shaanxi, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Liaoning, Sichuan), Lisu, Ancient Greece, Armenians, Talysh, Tajiks, (Lithuanians), Khakas , Altaians, Baikal Buryats, Khalkha Mongols, Ordos Mongols, Eastern Khanty, Northern Selkups, Kets, Orochi, Miyako Islands, Okinawa Islands, Amami Islands, Ainu Islands, Asian Eskimos, (Chitimacha), Veracruz Nahuatl, mountain areas, chol, (pipil), shuar, aguaruna, napo, cofan, quechua of northern, central and southern Peru, Aymara.

SW Africa. Bushmen: Kotlyar 1983, No. 18 [The month-old man died; the women persuaded the Hare to pick unripe white berries; when she saw what she had picked, the Hare went to collect again, the women left their urine responsible for themselves, they left; The hare saw the grave from which the Month was getting out; he dragged her to him, ordered her to go to people to say that the dead must be reborn; the hare tells people that they will die forever, decompose and smell bad; during this Month he cut her lip with an ax; The hare took off her caross, got dirty in soot, covered the face of the Month, the stains remained], 20 [(Dornan 1925:172); The Moon tells the Turtle tell people that they should be resurrected after death; the turtle moved slowly, forgot the words of the Moon, came back to ask again; the Moon got angry, sent the Hare; he began to eat grass, forgot too the words of the Moon, told people to die forever; at this time the Turtle came up with the true news; people broke the Hare's lip with a stone; sent messengers to the moon to ask again, but the solution remained the same]: 35-39, 41 ; Scheub 2000 (Botswana) [The moon sent an insect to tell people that they should be reborn like her; The hare invited the messenger to run instead of him, it will be faster, said that they should die forever; Moon cut the Hare's nose]: 107; the Bushmen (san, or rather Xam) [A month sent a hare to tell people to respawn like him when they die; The hare specifically said not to revive; The month heated a stone and burned the hare's mouth, the scar remains; so our bodies remain in the ground and our thoughts leave us]: Lewis-Williams 2000, No. 47:253; Hottentots: Abrahamsson 1951 [(many versions in different groups); main: 1) The moon sends Chameleon to say that as it revives, people will come to life after death; the Chameleon forgot what to say, returned; the Moon sent the Hare; he also forgot and said that people must die; the moon cut the Hare's lip; 2) The moon sent an insect to say that people should respawn like her; The hare intercepted the message, told people they should die like himself; The hare scratched the moon's face, traces remained; 3) Zoekoab sent the Hare to say that people would respawn like the Moon; the Hare tried to send the Tick with a distorted message; he refused, then he ran himself and said that people should die for good]: 28-30; Parrinder 1967 [(apparently the same in Radin 1952, No. 13:63); The Moon sent Louse to tell people that as the moon dies and comes to life, so will they; the Hare said to Vshe, which would send the message faster; said that as the moon dies, people would die forever; the moon cut Hare's lip with a stick]: 67; Hottentots, Bushmen (many versions): Abrahamsson 1951: 28-34.

Bantu-speaking Africa. Suto-chwana [the gods send the Turtle to tell people that they will come to life after death; then decide that people's bodies must collapse, send the news to the Lizard; she comes first people agree; then a turtle comes; people ask the chief to change his mind, but he refuses; out of fear of people, the turtle pulls its head and limbs in, covers its shell]: Olderogge 1959:43 -44; chwana [1) advice decides that it should be reborn, the Turtle is sent to tell people this; then decides to die forever, send the Lizard; she comes first; 2) God sent A Chameleon with the news of eternal life and later the Lizard with the news of death; the Lizard ran first; 3) (Dornan 1925:289); Modimo sent a Lizard to tell people they must be reborn; then sent a Chameleon say they should die; the Chameleon came first (=Knappert 1997:67); 4) God sent Chameleon to say people should be reborn; the devil Barimo sent the Lizard to say people should die; The lizard came first]: Abrahamsson 1951:23-24; scythe: Abrahamsson 1951 [Unkulunkulu sends a Chameleon to tell people to live forever; changes his mind, sends the Lizard to tell them to live forever; changes his mind, sends the Lizard to tell them died; The lizard overtakes Chameleon, hits him on the head]: 25-26; Leslie 1875 [people did not need food and did not die; cultivated plants grew in gardens themselves, but were not used; first born baby; mother began to wither away; another woman let her eat corn and pumpkin so that she died and she recovered instead; Umvel'nqanki sent a chameleon to tell people not to die (or died but reborn); then sent a lizard to tell people to die forever; the lizard came first]: 207-209; Scheub 2000 [Qamatha sent a chameleon to tell people that they would be immortal; he went slowly; the lizard asked where the chameoleon had gone, was the first to run to the people, announced that they should die; people believed the lizard]: 214; suto [der Spiesser sent Chameleon to say people did not die; changed their mind, sent the Lizard to tell them to die forever; the Lizard overtook Chameleon]: Abrahamsson 1951:24; Swazi [God sent Chameleon to tell people not to die; he hesitates, eats along the way; God angrily sent the Lizard to tell them to die forever; the Lizard overtook Chameleon]: Abrahamsson 1951:26; Zulu: Zhukov, Kotlyar 1976, No. 2 [Unkulunkulu sent Chameleon to speak to people that they should not die; he hesitated, began to eat the bush along the way; W. sent the Lizard to tell him that all living things are mortal; the Lizard overtook the chameleon]: 34 (=Parrinder 1967:56; =Bleeck in Koropchevsky 1874 : 26); Abrahamsson 1951 [as in Zhukov, Kotlyar; many versions]: 26-27; Held 1904 [The Great Spirit sent a chameleon to land to tell people that they should live forever and a salamander with orders to die; the salamander ran quickly and the chameleon caught insects along the way and came late]: 12-13; Werner 1933 [Unkulunkulu sent Chameleon to tell people they should not die; he walked slowly; W. sent the Lizard, telling people to die; the Lizard came first]: 31-32; Macdoland 1891 [Sudiwa sent Chameleon to tell people they should not die; the lizard heard, ran the short way, said that S. told him to die; when the Chameleon came, people did not believe him, they drove him away]: 130; Ndebele (Transvaal) [Zimu sent a chameleon to inform people that after death they would be reborn; his lizard overtook, said death would be final]: Scheub 2000:272; ronga: Abrahamsson 1951 [God sent Chameleon with the news of eternal life and the Lizard with the news of death; the Lizard came first]: 25; Junod s.a., No. 7 [the chief sends the Chameleon to tell people that they will die and be reborn; the chameleon goes slowly; the chief sends a large crocodile with a blue head to say that death is final ; he comes first; the chameleon brings the news of the revival, but it's too late]: 78; tsonga [people came out of the reed swamp, the man and woman of each tribe have a special reed; everyone has those the clothes and tools they are currently using; the swamp chief sent Chameleon to tell the people that they will die and be reborn; sent a great blue-headed Lizard to say that people will die and decay; she came running much earlier, people told Chameleon that they had already accepted the Lizard's words; when they saw the chameleon, people throw tobacco into his open mouth and rejoice at its agony] : Junod 1927:351-352; kamba: Abrahamsson 1951 [=Frazer 1926:257-258, =Radin 1952, No. 12:62; God sent Chameleon to say people should not die; changed his mind, sent a weaver bird with the news of human mortality; while the Chameleon walked slowly catching flies, and then could not finish the phrase and declare immortality, the Weaver managed to bring the news of human mortality]: 19; Arewa 1961 [God sent a Chameleon tell people that after death they will be reborn; he walked slowly, Magpie asked for permission to fly around; God allowed; she came first, said that people would die irrevocably like roots trees; the Chameleon came later; now people grow old and don't regenerate like tree roots]: 13-14; Lindblom 1920 [(=Abrahamsson 1951:19, =Frazer 1926:257-258, =Radin 1952, No. 12:62); God sent The Chameleon to say that people should not die; changed his mind, sent the Weaver Bird with the news of human mortality; while the Chameleon walked slowly catching flies, and then could not finish the phrase and declare immortality, The weaver managed to bring the news of human mortality]: 253; Hobley 1910 [retelling in Frazer 1926:255-257, Scheub 2000:172; Engai sent the Frog, the Chameleon and the Itoroko bird to people; seeing the dead, the Chameleon Cautiously called them, they opened their eyes; the bird cried out cheerfully that the dead should die forever; people had already opened their eyes, but the bird told the dead to remain so; flew away; the chameleon and the frog returned to E.; the chameleon told him everything, E. called the bird, which explained that the chameleon began to say nonsense and had to intervene; N. punished Chameleon with slowness and toothless mouth, and the bird praised, told people to wake up in the morning]: 107-108; Chuka (meru) [Murungu (Ngai, Mwene inya) is the creator; people lived in Mbwa, did not work; God created first a young man, then a girl, they gave birth to a child; God forbid eating the fruits of a particular tree; the snake said that whoever tasted them would find God's mind; the woman tried, the man refused, but finally agreed, it was formed Adam's apple; God punished the snake by flattening its head; sent a mole to tell people that they must be reborn after death; the mole met the hyena, talked about God's commission; the hyena resisted - it had nothing will eat if people become immortal; threatened the mole to swallow it, he agreed to tell people that death would be final; God punished the mole by telling him to live underground far from heaven; c Since then, the mole only gets out of the ground at night]: Scheub 2000:162; yaka (Congo) [Nzambi sent the Dog and the Goat to tell people that the old month will disappear forever and people will be after death reborn; The Goat began to eat grass on the way; the dog came first, said that people would die forever and the moon would revive; then the Goat came, said correctly, but they no longer believed her]: Abrahamsson 1951:12; yaka (Baja-Kaka) [a person sends a Chameleon to God to ask if people will die for good or if they will sprinkle medicine in their eyes after the funeral and they will come to life; the Chameleon is coming slowly, then they send the Toad, she gets first; God is offended by her sight, replies that death is final; when the Chameleon appears, he receives the same answer]: Tessmann 1937:9 (retelling in Abrahamsson 1951:8); Kuta: Andersson 1974:61 (Mbamba, Pangala District) [Nziame sent a Dog and a Goat to people; the Goat stopped to graze, the dog ran, said the person would die forever, and the moon will revive; then the Goat came, said the opposite, but it was too late; (versions of other Kuta groups do not mention the moon; =Abrahamsson 1951:11-12)], 61-62 [Nzambi gave the first man and woman Bisis and Saule different fruits, but forbade eating a certain type of yam; children B. and S. ate and died; parents were in grief; N. sent a Goat to people to call them to his place, but she began to eat the leaves; sent the Dog, she came, but when they all went to N., the dog rushed after the antelope, returned to N. alone; N. punished her by obliging her to serve man, taking away her human tongue, punished the Goat, making her stupid, making her food for man; when people came, N. comforted them, saying that not everyone would die at once and that new children would be born instead of dead children; (Abrahamsson 1951:12)], 61-62 [Zambie sent the Goat and the Dog to people to say that those will die but be reborn; the Goat lingered to graze, the dog said that people would die forever; the Goat came, bringing the news of revival, but it was too late; Z. punished them, making them a goat and a dog; he also sent an antelope, a wild boar, a guinea fowl, but they did not come to the people; Z. punished them by ordering them to serve man; this is how a ram, a domestic pig, a chicken appeared], 63-64 [Zambie sent people to say that after those deaths will respawn, first the Goat (stayed grazing), then the Dog (began to gnaw the bones), then the Lizard (said people would die forever]; louis: Abrahamsson 1951:33 [Leza sent The Chameleon said that the dead would be reborn; then sent the Lizard with the news of final death; the Lizard came first], 33-34 [Jacottet, p. 111; Nyambe the dog died, his wife Nasilele told throw it away; then Nasilele's mother died; she asked her to be returned, but Nyambe refused because she did not want the dog back; they sent Chameleon to tell people they would come to life and Hare to tell them that they would come to life will die forever; The Hare came first; Richter, S. 194: same story, but instead of the Hare in one version Lizard]; subia [Leza sent Chameleon to tell people they should respawn; then sent the Lizard, telling me to say if the Chameleon hasn't yet reached it that humans should die forever; the Lizard came in early]: Jacottet 1901:111-114 in Frazer 1926:177; buby, yaoundé, coco , bulu [like a dual]: Abrahamsson 1951:11; Ganda: Abrahamsson 1951 ["the story of the chameleon and the moon is not unknown"]: 18; Baskerville 1922 [Nambi sent the Bat for the Sun and the Dove beyond the Moon; the Dove carried out the assignment; the Bat did other things along the way, did not convey a message to the Sun; then the Pigeon was also sent to the Sun, who immediately appeared; the Bat was brought forcefully; since then bats fly out only after sunset]: 17-19; chuka, embu, emberre, mwimbe [The sun sent the Mole to bring people the elixir of life; he met Hyena on the way; fearing that she would have nothing to eat, Hyena begged him to give her the elixir of life, gave her the Elixir of Death instead; the Mole confessed to the Sun what he had done, who told him to live underground]: Abrahamsson 1951:19; duala [chimpanzee village is discussing whether a person should die; sent for judges; the lizard carried leaves, came first, said that the chameleon carried stones, said that standing for 9 days under a pepper tree will be younger again; but the Chameleon came later]: Abrahamsson 1951:10-11; kikuyu [God sent Chameleon to say people should not die; changed his mind, sent a bird with news of human mortality; while the Chameleon was slowly walking, the bird had time to declare God's will]: Abrahamsson 1951:19; kamba: Abrahamsson 1951 [=Frazer 1926:257-258, =Radin 1952, No. 12:62; God sent Chameleon to say that people should not die; changed his mind, sent the Weaver Bird with the news of human mortality; while the Chameleon walked slowly catching flies, and then could not finish the phrase and announce immortality, Weaver managed to bring news of human mortality]: 19; Arewa 1961 [God sent Chameleon to tell people that they would be reborn after death; he walked slowly, Magpie asked for permission to fly in a circular way; God allowed; she came first, said that people would die irrevocably like tree roots; the Chameleon came later; now people are getting old and not being reborn]: 13-14; Lindblom 1920 [(= Abrahamsson 1951:19, =Frazer 1926:257-258, =Radin 1952, no. 12:62); God sent Chameleon to say people should not die; changed his mind, sent a weaver bird with news of human mortality; while the Chameleon He walked slowly, catching flies, and then could not finish the phrase and declare immortality, the Weaver managed to bring the news of human mortality]: 253; Hobley 1910 [retelling in Frazer 1926:255-257, Scheub 2000:172; Engai sent the Frog, the Chameleon, and the Itoroko bird to the people; when they saw the dead, the Chameleon called them gently, they opened their eyes; the bird cried out cheerfully that the dead should die forever; people had already discovered eyes, but the bird told the dead to stay like this; flew away; the chameleon and the frog returned to E.; the chameleon told him everything, E. called the bird, which explained that the chameleon began to say nonsense to her too I had to intervene; N. punished Chameleon with slowness and toothless mouth, and praised the bird, ordered them to wake people up in the morning]: 107-108; quaya [the man sent his daughter-in-law to tell the Snake that when she died, he will remain dead, and if a person dies, he will be reborn; the daughter-in-law confused, said the opposite; her father-in-law asked her again, was angry, sent her again; this time she said correctly, but the Snake refused obey; so snakes change their skin and are reborn]: Huber 1967:796-797; couple [God sent Chameleon to tell people that they will be reborn as a Month; after changing his mind, sent the Frog to say that people would die forever like a broken jug; when the Chameleon started talking, the Frog ended with his message]: Abrahamsson 1951:20; ngoni [God sent Chameleon to say people would become come to life after death; then sent the Lizard to say they would die forever; the Lizard came first]: Abrahamsson 1951:20; yao [1) The chameleon is sent to say that the dead have risen from their graves ; later Salamander is sent to tell them to stay in the graves; comes first; 2) The chameleon is sent to say that the dead will be resurrected; later Salamander is sent to say they should be buried; when The Chameleon comes, the dead are already buried]: Abrahamsson 1951:20-21; yao, nyanja, tonga [Chiuta sent Chameleon to say that the dead will be resurrected; the Lizard (or the Frog) - that they will die for good; the Lizard comes first]: Abrahamsson 1951:21, 22; Tonga (Malawi) [the creator of Chiuta sent Chameleon to the people with the news that they will be reborn after death and the Lizard say death is final; the Lizard came first] (Malawi): Scheub 2000:31; tonga [people sent Chameleon and the Centipede to God; the centipede comes first but bursts, runs out of it little ones; God understands this as a sign that people want to die and have children; later the Chameleon comes, asks people for eternal life, gets rejected]: Abrahamsson 1951:25; ilah [1) Leza sent The Chameleon to say that death is final; then the Hare with the news of eternal life; the Hare came running and announced first, but the Chameleon said that only his message was true; L. agreed; 2) Leza sent Chameleon with with the news of eternal life, then the Hare with the news of death; the Hare came running and announced first]: Smith, Dale 1920:100-101 (quoted in Abrahamsson 1951:22; Janssens 1926:561); safwa [The sheep wanted people revived, the Dog to die for good; whoever reaches man will be the first to be; the Sheep won for the first time, but the Dog insisted on a second attempt, threw salt in the Sheep's way, ran, while the Sheep was licking salt]: Abrahamsson 1951:21; Condé [those who wanted immortality sent the Sheep to God, and those who wanted to die forever sent the Dog; the dog ran first, sent the request]: Fülleborn 1906: 331 in Frazer 1926:192, in Abrahamsson 1951:21; mkulva [people gave bones to the dog, meat to the sheep; old woman Mwawa ordered to change; The dog ate meat quickly, barked, We will die, we will die, we will die; Sheep messed with bones for a long time and without success, flashed, We will die and be resurrected; people said the Dog was ahead of her, beat the dog]: Hamberger 1909, No. 4:300 (retelling in Abrahamsson 1951:21, in Frazer 1926:195); bemba (or lala) [Nzambi told Chameleon to tell people that they would be reborn and the Month would die for good; the Chameleon was walking slowly, and the Dog heard, ran, said on the contrary; the Chameleon brought the right news, but it was too late]: Andersson in Abrahamsson 1951:12; bemba [God sent Chameleon with the news of eternal life and the Lizard with the news of death; the Lizard came first]: Abrahamsson 1951:21; lamba [God sent Chameleon with the news that the dead would be returning; he was going very slowly; after a few days God sent the Lizard to say that people would die forever; the Lizard got there first; people fed Chameleon nicotine and he died; he's now hated]: Doke 1931:228-229 (narrated in Abrahamsson 1951:22); lower Zambezi [fearing overpopulation , the lords sent the Lizard to tell the spirits that people were taken from the ground after a while; people found out about this, sent Chameleon asking them to give them eternal life; the lizard came first]: Abrahamsson 1951:22-23; ndau [God sent Chameleon to say that the deceased should be reborn; then sent the Lizard to say that he should die forever; the Lizard came first; the Chameleon people answered that have already accepted the Creator's command sent by him with the Lizard]: Boas, Simango 1922, No. 12:183-184 (retelling in Abrahamsson 1951:23); Comorians [God sent a Raven to man to hang a giver around his neck immortality is a necklace; the Raven asked him to do the same, but God said he forgot the magic formulas and could not make a second one; on the way, the Raven put the necklace on himself, but that lost its power, so Nobody got immortality; God drove the crow out of his possessions]: Hatubou 2004, No. 25:108-109; Venda [God sent the Centipede to tell people they should be immortal; she stayed in paths, eating fruit; at this time, the evil god Ralowimba sent Chameleon to tell people to die; when Centipede came, they didn't believe her]: Wessmann 1908:82-83 (retelling in Abrahamsson 1951:23); fang [Nsambe sent Chameleon to say people should not die; he walked slowly, the Lizard came running, saying people should die and be born]: Abrahamsson 1951:11; nyakusa [like the other Bantus, the motive for the "false news": A Sheep and a Dog are sent, one with the news of eternal life, the other about human mortality]: Wilson 1959:15.

West Africa. Beng [everyone is going to tell Heaven that they want to be reborn, and let the grass that covers the roofs die forever if it is burned; they sent the Dog, but she began to gnaw the bones, lingered; first Cat came running, mistakenly asked that the burnt grass grow again and people die forever; that's what happened]: Gottlieb 1986:479; Liberia [people send the Cat to the sorcerer for elixir immortality; on the way back, he puts what he has received on a stump, swims in the river, forgets the errand; he is sent to find the loss, but the elixir has already absorbed into the stump; so the felled tree grows again from stump, people die irrevocably]: Bundy 1919, No. 3:408; limba (Sierra Leone) [Kanu told the Snake to give people the elixir of immortality; but Toad took it and spilled it along the way, so people are mortal]: Scheub 2000:103; Terns: Cardinall 1931:27-28 [=Scheub 2000:263, briefly in Abrahamsson 1951:6; the cannibal toucan killed people; Wulbari called his people together for everyone to choose their subjects; the goat said that her people are grass, the dog is people; V. sent the dog to bring people the elixir of life to revive those killed by the toucan; she found a bone, began to gnaw, put the elixir aside; the goat passed by, took elixir, poured grass on her people; so people die forever, and the grass is reborn every year], 28-29 [people sent a sheep to Nyame with a message that they would not like to die; for reliability, through They sent a dog for a while; a sheep came across grass, on which one woman poured salt and began to eat; at this time the dog reached Nyame and said that people wanted to die; on the way back it met the sheep also explained that the dog was wrong; both returned to N., but he refused to change his mind]; baule [Nyamye sent a dog to his brother Anambela to tell him to make humans and animals immortal; just in case, he instructed the cat to do the same; the dog found a bone, began to gnaw, the cat overtook it, ran over the rat, but decided to eat it on the way back; the dog ran later than the cat; A. said that since life and death mean so little to them, let everyone be mortal]: Himmelheber 1951b: 30-31 (translated into Himmelheber 1960:97-98); dagomba [people were slaves, sent a dog to Wuni with asking to change the situation; she stopped to see what the old woman was cooking (it turned out that she was boiling water); the goat heard people's request, came to V., said that people were going to die; when the dog came running, V. refused to change his mind; now people are both mortals and slaves]: Cardinall 1931:29-30 (=Abrahamsson 1951:6-7, =Scheub 2000:264); bulsa [people sent a dog to God to ask them to die and reborn, and the moon died forever; the dog hesitated to see food on the way; then the goat went, said that people wanted to die forever, and let the moon revive; when the dog brought the true request, God answered it was too late]: Schott 1989:262; eve [people sent a sheep to God to ask for eternal life; then they sent a dog with the same request; the dog overtook the sheep and told God that people want to be mortal; when the sheep came, God had already made a decision]: Scheub 2000:141; akposo [people sent a dog to tell Uwolowu they want a resurrection after death; the dog stayed at which one it's a brew, and a frog came to W. on its own initiative to say that people want to die; people have died ever since, but if a frog dies and then thunder is heard, it respawns]: Abrahamsson 1951:7; akan [people sent a sheep to Nyame to ask for immortality, then a dog just in case; the sheep found a place where the woman threw salt on the grass, stayed to graze; the dog came first, said people they want to die forever; I met a sheep, who explained that the dog was wrong, they both ran back, but N. refused to change his mind]: Scheub 2000:186-187; Ashanti [Nyame warned people that Death walks between them, kills them; but sent a goat to say that the dead would be reborn and rise to him in heaven; the goat stopped eating grass; then N. sent a sheep, but she said that death would occur final; when a goat came to people, it was too late]: Scheub 2000:87; Igbo: Abrahamsson 1951 [God sends a dog to say that the deceased should be sprinkled with ash, he will be reborn; the dog satisfied his hunger, stayed late; God sent a sheep, she also did not come right away, confused everything, said that the dead should be buried; when the dog that came running gave God's words correctly, they did not believe it]: 7; Beier 1966 [when Death appeared, people sent a dog to Chuku to ask if the dead should be reborn; The dog hesitated along the way; the Toad overheard, came to C., said that people did not want to be reborn after death; C. he decided so; when the Dog came, he refused to change his mind]: 56; dithammari (battamaribe) [everyone wants people not to die, only the Chameleon is against; the supreme god Kuyey suggests that whoever will get to him first, decide on the fate of people; they decide to send the Dog, but she finds meat in the bushes, stops chewing bones; the Chameleon came first, so people are mortal]: Anpetkova-Sharova 2010:219-220; Hausa: Abrahamsson 1951:7 [God sent a chameleon to say that the deceased should be touched with bread, he will come to life; the lizard heard, quickly ran to people, said the dead should be bury; the chameleon dressed up for a long time, and when he brought his message, he was told that the one delivered first was true], 7-8 [A month sent the Hare to say that a person should be like the Month, dying in the morning and reviving again in the evening; The hare said that people should die forever; the Month wanted to hit him on the head with an ax, but only cut his upper lip; the Hare scratched the face of the Month, traces still visible; ran away and still runs]; margie: Abrahamsson 1951:8 (=Beier 1966:57) [people sent a chameleon to ask Iju why they were dying; he sent him back to say that if putting the baked porridge on the corpse, the person will come to life; seeing that the chameleon did not return for a long time, people sent a lizard after him; I. was angry that he was being asked again, told him to tell him that the dead should be buried; Var.: I. sends the old news, the lizard distorts it]; Scheub 2000 [var.: people sent Ija the Lizard to ask him what to do if the person is sick; I., angry, ordered to pour hot porridge on the patient, he is here but died]: 76-77; borax (bura-pubir) [a man died for the first time, people sent a Worm to ask heaven what to do; Heaven ordered to hang the corpse on a tree and throw porridge at it until it came to life; the lizard listened, came running before the Worm, said that Heaven told me to bury the corpse; so now people are mortal]: Scheub 2000:70; mukulehe [(short mention); the Chameleon was an ambassador to tell people they should not to die but it came too late]: Lembezat 196:59; ecoi [heavenly god Obassi Osaw sent the Frog to tell people that death is final and Duck that the dead will be reborn; the Frog OO sent by on the right road and Duck on the left; The duck sat down to drink palm herd with the people and forgot the errand, the Frog brought the news of death]: Talbot 1912:229 (retelling in Frazer 1919:58, Abrahamsson 1951:9); ijo (calabari): Dayrell 1910, No. 23 [The creator was sorry that people were dying; he sent the dog to tell the deceased to be left lying down with gold; in a day he would come to life; the dog found a bone near the house the old woman began to nibble on it, and then fell asleep; the Creator sent a sheep; she began to pinch the grass, and then forgot what to say exactly; ordered the dead to be buried in the ground; when the dog came running and handed it the Creator's words, she was told that she had already received another order; they disliked the dog because of it, people were mortal]: 81-82; J. of the African Soc. 18:194 (1906) in Frazer 1926 [people did not die, one fell ill and died, others sent the Dog to ask God what to do; she still did not return, people sent the Sheep, she came back to say that the deceased should be buried; the dog came and told him to put hot on the dead's stomach ash, it will come to life; but it was too late, so dogs are treated badly]: 192-193 (=Abrahamsson 1951:7); isoko and urhobo [Oghene made humans immortal, old people shed their skin like snakes, became young; the earth was overflowing; the dog, being man's companion, wanted people to live forever, and W. expanded the world; the toad wanted the dead to die forever; they decided that O. would agree with whoever would come to him first; the dog first overtook the toad but decided to sleep; the toad came first, people became mortals]: Scheub 2000:198-199; vute [God sent a chameleon to tell people that after death, they would rise; along the way he decided he needed a hat, asked him to do it, which took two weeks; the serpent overheard God's words, hurried to people, and announced that they should die finally; Death heard it and rejoiced: how powerful God has given her! When the chameleon came to the people, they did not believe him and said that they had already heard from the serpent; the chameleon and the serpent began to fight and came to God to judge between them; when God learned of the deception, he told people to kill snakes. People also hate chameleons for wasting time spent decorating their heads]: Siebert 1921, No. 2:57-60 (summary in Abrahamsson 1951:9-10 and Lembezat 196:236); kone (Sierra Leone) [God said husband, wife and their child, that in old age they will change their skin and rejuvenate; sent new skins with the Dog; other animals invited the dog to eat rice and pumpkins; at this time the Snake stole the package, distributed the skin snakes; Man and Dog came to God but it was too late; snakes were punished by driving them out of settlements, people are killing them]: Parrinder 1967:54 (=Scheub 2000:268-269); mende [Ngewo sent the Dog to say that humans they should not die, and the Toad should; The dog saw a woman cook, she just had to wait to be fed; the Toad came first, now people are mortal]: Parrinder 1967:54 (=Scheub 2000:174-175); (cf. bidyogo [the chief's daughter promises to marry someone who finds out the names of her clothes; a stray singer tells his dog to dump the girl's clothes in the dust when she washes them on the river; girl shouts for the dog to give it to Nansaba and Nankia; the dog runs to the owner, but on the way he sees a bone, gnaws, forgets the names; runs again, this time remembers, gives it to the owner; the young man sings, saying the names of clothes, he gets a girl]: Nikolnikov 1976:133-136); diola (? ; in any case, Senegal; Jacklyn Ndiaye informant, recorded in France; a note to one of her texts states that "probably a diola"; in any case, diola is Christian, like informant) [God sent a hare to tell people that the moon should die forever and people should be reborn after death; the hyena met the hare and, finding out why and where he was running, undertook to hand over the assignment herself; said that the moon should be reborn and people should die forever; God began to revive, but it was impossible to change the direction]: Reuss-Nliba, Reuss-Nliba 2018:14.

Sudan-East Africa. Bongo: Andersson in Abrahamsson 1951:13 [1) Nzambi asked people if they wanted to be reborn themselves or the moon when they die; Ambassador Goat and Dog's people say they want to be reborn; Goat stopped to graze; The dog said people wanted to die and let the moon revive; when the Goat came, it was too late; 2) Nzama created the world and people; sent the Goat and the Dog to say people should not to die; The Goat stopped to graze, and the Dog said that people should die and the moon should be reborn; The Goat brought the right news, but late; N. punished both by turning them into animals; 3) Nzama created the sky the earth and everything on it; brought down the first human couple to earth; sent the Goat with the message of the Sun and the Dog with the message of the Moon (which exactly means the informant did not explain); The dog said that people would die forever and the Moon reborn; the Goat said the opposite, but it was too late], 13-14 [Nzami created humans; Muloghi insisted that some of them die; N. sent the Goat and the Dog; the Goat stopped grazing, The dog told people to die forever and the Moon to be reborn; then the Goat said the opposite, but people did not believe her]; nyangi [God sent the Dog to say that the dead would be in two days reborn; The Frog overheard; while the Dog was eating palm oil, the Frog rode, said death was final; the Dog that came later was not listened to]: Abrahamsson 1951:9; joluo [people descended from heaven, but Death began to destroy them; Nsasaye took pity, sent him to say that if he was sacrificed of pure fat, he would stop Death; people sent Chameleon, giving him a package with the best mutton fat; he dropped it, brought it dirty; N. left Death furious on the ground]: Belcher 2005:153-154; nandi [the chameleon was the king of animals; severe drought came; chameleon said that the animals angered sun god Cheptalel because they did not give him a share of the harvest; agreed to go to C. to ask for mercy; C. forgave, gave the chameleon an amulet, ordered him to carry it in his mouth and not with anyone talk; but when he reached his country, the chameleon swallowed the amulet; decided not to return, but went to the forest; changed color so that it would not be noticed]: Chesaina 1997:33-34; nyimang (ama) [when a person dies, God said that he just fell asleep, told him to leave his body for the night, and in the morning the man would come to life; but the Rabbit came to people before God and ordered the dead to be buried, otherwise God would destroy everyone; when God learned what had happened, that let them die, since they listened to Rabbit]: Scheub 2000:5-6; mbai: Fortier 1967:123-125 [Sou and Loa lived together; L.: let the cereal fields cover all the land; S.: but then there will be no place to fix it need; let people dig graves for the dead; this is how S. made people mortal; L. wanted people to die and be reborn; the lizard quickly ran to L. and said that people would die forever; the chameleon walked slowly and came later; said people would die and be reborn; L. replied that he was late], 125 [Sou sent a chameleon to tell Death: let the moon die for good and man revives; the lizard overheard, came first and gave the order: let the moon revive in three days and the man die for good; when the chameleon came, Death did not listen to him]; Nubians [man died; God ordered to leave the body until morning, the deceased was reborn; the Hare came, ordered the dead to be buried, saying, otherwise God would be angry; God scattered, that people listened to the Hare, death became final]: Parrinder 1967:34; Oromo [God sent the Holawaka bird to tell people that when they grow old, they will change their skin and be reborn; as a sign of the importance of the mission, he gave this bird a tuft; along the way H. promised the Snake, who ate the animal's corpse, would tell her the news if she shared food; the Snake agreed, although not immediately; H. told her that snakes would shed their skin and grow younger, and people would grow old and die irrevocably; it happened; God punished this bird, which is now permanently constipated; sitting in a tree, it is now constantly screaming in pain, Wakati-a-a ("my God")]: Werner 1913:91 (retelling in Abrahamsson 1951:16; in Scheub 2000 [Oromo calls this bird "God's sheep" because its voice is like sheep bleating]: 255); sandave [Sheep to Dog: people must die and then reborn; Dog: no, die forever; The dog offers to run to Sixafumbo; The sheep came first, made its demand; the dog offered to try again; scattered salt on the Sheep road; she stopped to lick salt. At this time, the dog ran to Sixafumbo, asked people to die forever; when the Sheep came running and asked them to be reborn, it was refused; the Sheep offered to run again, but The dog refused; therefore, the sheep is man's friend, and the dog is a curse (more precisely, a "club")]: Arnold 1984:156-157; the malgashi [1) Bara; the big-winged bird and the big-headed ant descended to earth to Revalu, who burned his father's corpse; the bird told him not to do so, flew to God for the elixir of life; on the way back he began to swim, lost his elixir; the man's bones were buried, death became final; 2) Antimerina; Zanahary's son did not give people, but threw what life gives into the water; 3) Betsimisaraka; God sent a goose to give people the amulets of life, he dropped them into the water]: Abrahamsson 1951:126-127.

North Africa. Berbers Zuahua (Kabylia) [The raven was white; God gave him a parcel of money to give to Muslims and a parcel of lice to Europeans; because the money was heavier, the Raven gave it to the first people he met who turned out to be Europeans; Muslims got lice; God punished the Raven by making him black]: Basset 1887:11 (retelling in Kabakova 2010:161); kabila [women were smarter than men; God gave the girl should give two bags of money to the kabila and two bags of fleas to Arabs and Christians; she confused everything, gave the Kabylam a bag of fleas, the Arabs with fleas and money, and the Christians with money; God said, so that women stay at home from now on, and make that girl a crow, turn black, and even if dogs and ants do not eat his meat; a crow's head is hung around the patient's neck - she's only good for it]: Frobenius 1921a, No. 16:87-88; the Arabs of Tunisia [the raven was white; God gave him two messages: to attribute wealth to virtuous, to poverty to unvirtuous; he deliberately replaced them; for this God made him black]: Ayadi 2008, No. 38:57-58; the Berbers of Morocco (Ighrem, southern Morocco) [Azrail sent a messenger to earth to tell Christians to fast for a month and Muslims for a day; he was confused; J. turned him into an owl]: That Thay 2001, No. 91:108; the Berbers of Morocco (Imouzzer Ida outanane, southern Morocco) [The prophet sent a hare to tell Muslims to fast for a day and Jews for a month; he confused it, said on the contrary; God hit him on the head, since then the hare has a white spot]: That Thay 2001, No. 94:110; Egyptian Arabs (Delta): El-Shamy 1980, No. 28 [Western 1970; at first there are few people, few are born; people decide to ask God for the dead to return in three days; send Kite as a messenger; Crow meets him halfway, offers to continue flying instead of him, tells God that people want to die irrevocably; since then, the Kite has attacked the raven]: 145-146, 277 (southern Egypt) [the women sent the Raven to Satan to ask for equality with men; she has not yet returned; so after hearing crow, women say (May God make it) good, Crow!].

Southern Europe. Portuguese [donkey brought people eternal youth; stopped drinking by the river; snake: if you don't give me what you're carrying, I won't let them drink; donkey gave it back, the snake changed its skin and rejuvenated, and people were guilty donkeys get old (and die)]: Correia 2018, No. 43.

Western Asia. Iraqi Arabs (Jamali 1965:89-90), Palestinians [drunk reverses message from God concerning work]: El-Shamy 2004, No. 774M: 430.

Melanesia. Penn Gazelle [That Kabinana sent To Karvuva to the lower world to teach people how to shed their skin and make snakes mortal; he did the opposite; snakes shed their skin and do not die]: Isis 1998:30.

Tibet is the Northeast of India. The Tibetans (Amdo) [the goddess Ane-Goma-jamu gave the goddess Njigma the hem of the earth, ordering the land to be flat and people equal; to say, Where should the mountains be, so that there are no mountains, where To be rich (poor), so that there are no rich, poor; she hurried and confused, saying, Where to be mountains, be mountains, who will be rich (poor), let it be]: Potanin 1893, No. 82:315; Lepcha: Siiger 1967 [Guru Rimpoche created the world; created the first humans; they were brother and sister, but married, gave birth to mung; sister gave birth continuously, so her children became mung; the gods told brother with sister that their incest was forbidden; they denied everything, but the dog exposed them, told them what they saw; the sister beat the dog with a stick, and since then the female and the male have not been able to separate themselves during copulation; the gods decided to separate brother and sister; gave them animals; brother carried his own in a basket to Tibet, these are pets; my sister had a basket with holes, the animals ran away, became wild; settling alone by the lake Kohol da, the sister gave birth to two boys; one was god, the other was mung; the previously born mungs sickened them, they died; mung came to perform the funeral ceremony, but they had nothing for her; the wind drove them out; the gods performed the ceremony according to the rules; sent the birds Rong Fon (Upupa epops) and Fo Shum to pour rum water on God's grave and mung water to mung's grave; they did the opposite; so mung no longer are born, otherwise they would give birth to their own kind]: 172-174; Stocks 1925, No. 1 [The Himalayas, the male mountains and the female mountains were created first; they are the older brother and sister of the rest of the mountains and rivers; the spirit Earthquake - their son; brother Takbo-thing and sister Nazong-Ngyu were the last to be born; married, had many children; first, the spirits of diseases and poisonous snakes were born; N. threw them away; then lizards, centipedes, too threw it away; the couple went down to earth; at night N. took off her bracelet, it grew mango to the sky; Rum (supreme god) asked N. who was the father of her children, she did not confess; only the Dog told me how to N. T. came at night; N. threw a ball of threads at her for this; R. told N. and T. to part; they shared their property; N. let her animals and birds freely, they became wild; T. placed his own in China, in India, so Lepcha was poor; T. put her house on the mountain; N. rushed after him, but could not climb; told her children (various grasshoppers) to make a ladder; most ran away, taking away its jewelry. two species remained (now they live a long time); when N. almost reached the top, gave birth to a human child, gave him a breast (she did not give animal children and spirits); N.'s other children were jealous, so the child died; N. prepared two graves - for Mung and for Rum (unclear: gave birth to twins? the twin from the afterbirth?) ; sent two birds to T. for water of life and water of death; T. gave, ordered to pour water of life on Rum's grave, death to Mung's grave (mung is spirit, evil spirit); they poured the opposite; therefore they die and come to life in Rum during incarnation, and Mung is born only once (and do not die); N. reached N., but he did not accept her and she built a separate palace for herself; the Creator decorated the sky with stars and clouds; began to send to the land of his various children (bumblebees, grasshopper), but they planted the wrong plants; the latter took ginger, garlic, and a tree whose resin burns slowly, went down to the ground to become a shaman, a healer; there mungues are already everywhere; they agreed to give them the opportunity to treat the sick if they donate chickens, eggs, etc.; another son, Tarbong-mu, was born, went down and grabbed a heavenly fairy who stole birds from him from snares, married, she is pregnant; the wasp stole sourdough from the old woman for an alcoholic beverage; old woman: people will quarrel over him; various snakes tried - they got excited, but did not die; everyone drank on Tarbong-mu and Narib-nom wedding]: 345-354; sherdukpen [Ama Dakhinu responded to the whistle of the Tiu-Gamosu-Sempa monkey, became pregnant, gave birth to various animals; sent an ox to Brahma for instructions; he came back saying he should swim three times a day, eat once a day; for this mistake he was told to live with and work for people]: Pandey 1999:129-130; apatani [Wiyu Ditu Popi sent a Monkey and Anteater (Pangolina?) Tell people that they should not die; they said WDP told them to die; WDP killed messengers, and now people are killing them]: Elwin 1958a, No. 1:282-283 (=1958b: 313-314); Angami [Man and Tiger were brothers; the man sent the Cat to tell the Tiger that since they are brothers, let the Tiger leave him the leg of a dead deer; the Cat confused him, told him to leave all the deer; the Tiger is angry, became an enemy of man; yet they brothers, so the hunter does not say that he killed the tiger and that the gods killed the tiger]: Hutton 1914, No. 6:486; khasi [a heavenly deity sent an ox to humans to give information that will make life pleasant and easy (live a long time, be wise, cook as much rice as is enough for each meal); on a hot day, the crow began to peck on the back of an insect ox and he thanked her everything about her mission; the crow decided that if the ox gave everything he told her, there would be no leftovers for the crows to eat; so she persuaded the ox to tell people to cook lots of rice every time and donate rice to the gods during funeral rituals, so that the birds would also get it; when the ox returned and confessed that he had not fulfilled his assignment, God hit him in the face, knocking out his front teeth; hit him in the side, so behind his ribs a dent remained; drove him away, telling him to look for food himself; the ox nailed to people, becoming their worker, and can never get enough]: Rafy 1920, No. 30:134-136; mru [having created the world, the creator sends the bull give people important instructions; when he comes to the Bengalis, the bull gives them a book and tells them to weed and harvest three times a year; when the bull came to Mrs., he became thirsty, he bent over for a drink and swallowed the book; confused the instruction and ordered him to weed three times, but only harvest one crop; for this, the creator hit the bull in the face, since then he has no front teeth; but the creator ordered the bull to be tied to a pole, dance around and then kill the bull; to remember what happened, the bull's severed tongue must be nailed to the top of the pole; the swallowed book is still inside the bull, this is his book ( ruminants forestomach, Blättermagen)]: Oppitz 2008:13-14.

Burma - Indochina. The Burmese [The sun descended to the daughter of the dragon king Naga; returned to heaven, Naga gave birth to three eggs; the Naga sent the white Raven to tell the Sun that children were coming soon; the Sun let him carry the ruby to buy the kingdom for the children; on the way, the Raven, along with other birds, began to peck leftovers at the rest of the merchant caravan, hid the burden under the bush; the merchant replaced the ruby with manure; unfolding the bundle, the princess died of grief; the Sun scorched the Raven's feathers, which turned black; the abandoned eggs floated along the river, broke; one turned into placers of rubies, the other a tiger came out, and the third was a crocodile]: Aoun 1957:99-100; Karen [as soon as the pregnant woman hung her clothes to dry, the sun disappeared behind the clouds; got angry at the Sun and he cursed her; she stayed pregnant for three years and gave birth to a son Ta-ywa the size of yuyuba fruit; it is voracious; becomes monstrously strong; makes onions; comes to a spring from which the children of the Sun take water, threaten them, they have to ask their father to make T. larger; Sun sends different animals against T., but in the end he has to comply with the requirement; people are afraid of the strongman, they try to get rid of him; he leaves, meets, companions the Long-legged, then the Long-Handed , Big-Eared, Three-Toothed, Empty; they quarreled sharing fish; T. went one way with Long-armed and Long-legged and others to the other; T. and his companions decided to cook rice, there was no fire; they came for with fire to Shie-oo; he offers to fight: the loser will support the ground; they knocked him down and drove him into the ground; when Shie-oo moves, earthquakes occur; come to an empty house; under the floor, where T. lies down, there is a girl; she stabs him with a needle; he thinks that someone is biting, picked up the floorboard; the girl says that the eagle ate her parents and siblings, and her parents managed to hide her; T. hid the bamboo iron roof, the eagle could not break through the roof; T. asked for permission to shoot it with an old bamboo bow, but shot an iron bow and killed; then killed the other two eagles; T. took out swallowed bones from the eagle's womb, spread them out in groups (men, women, buffaloes, pigs, etc., hit each with a rope and revived them; revived the girl's parents; left Longlegged there, telling him to look at planted plants: if they wither, he is in trouble; goes on; the same episode with another girl, where tigers instead of an eagle; T. kills them, leaves the Long-armed one there; with the third girl, three snakes; killed two T. the third swallowed it; the plants planted by T. have dried up, Long-legged and Long-armed understand that T. is in trouble, they come, kill the snake, revive T.; he returned home and saw his brother cook live fish; he shot him in anger; repented; fired an arrow into the sky to hit him; the tenth arrow hit him; he weakened; sent a monkey-tiger (?) bring the Karen and the tupaya to him - bring the Burmese; gave the first flint to cook the shrimp quickly; the tupaye gave two pieces of bamboo: it is difficult to get fire with them, let him hesitate; but monkey-tiger decided that the shrimp was still raw, since it was red, waited, and the dumaya quickly came to the Burmese, who were the first to come to T., asked him for elephants, horses, oxen, and their dogs asked for ears of rice the size of the ends of their fluffy tails and three harvests a year; the karen came when T. had already died and was burned, with baskets and wicker fans; only a trace of the patterns remained on the ash, the karen remembered him; buffaloes and The Karen couldn't catch elephants, they only caught a pig; so the Karen have pigs]: Mason 1865:178-187; (cf. kachin [people went to the sun to give them rice; returning back through the land of the nata chameleon, people tried not to make noise, but he still heard and asked what the sun nat said when he gave rice; people: so that the stem is off the buffalo's leg and the ear off the horse's tail; chameleon: let the stem be off my leg and the ear off my tail; seeing a chameleon, people chase it and hit it with sticks]: Kasevich, Osipov 1976, No. 27:102 -103); Thais [the niece of heavenly king Phra In (Indra) chose a shepherd as her husband; her father sent her to earth; sent Raven to tell the Raven that the couple should meet every seven days so that his wife would have there was time to spin and weave; the Raven met Vulture, was frightened, lost the letter; wrote a new one, writing in it that she was told to meet on the seventh day of the seventh month; Phra In punished her that this day she loses all her feathers; turned her lovers into stars, they meet once a year]: Vathanaprida 1994:105-108; Zhuang (Guangxi) [Soka confused the order of the heavenly deity: instead of" People shed their skin when they get old, and snakes die when they get old" reported "People die when they get old, and snakes shed their skin when they get old"]: Yang 2013:460; Lao black thai [people changed the skin was like snakes, and they multiplied in a similar way (the skin turned into a new person); there were too many people, the heavenly god Thén sent rain, a flood; in one pumpkin, a girl Kap was saved, another boy Ké; persuaded T. not to kill them because they would grow rice; after the flood, the spirit (same T.?) said that in old age people would renew themselves and snakes would die (a play on words in Thai); the snake threatened to bite him, he said the opposite; Cap and Ke gave birth to humans]: Bourlet 1907:921-922; Viets: Knorozova 2000:28 [Ngoc Hoang wanted dying people to shed their skin and come to life, but snakes did not; he sent a messenger from heaven to carry out this plan, but he told the snakes about it; the snakes forced him agree to say the opposite; snakes are now shedding their skin and getting younger; the guilty messenger was banished to earth, turned into a dung beetle; (same text in Fraser 1985:47; Frazer 1913:69-70)]; Landes 1886, No. 83 [Ngoc hoang sent a messenger to tell people to change their skin and renew themselves, but snakes don't; snakes made him say the opposite, so now everyone dies and only snakes change their skin and are updated; NH turned the messenger into a dung beetle]: 205-206; kava [the tiger chased the hare; the hare stood by a pile of cow droppings; each time he replies to the tiger that he is not the one the tiger was chasing, he was white and he was gray; he said that the heap was his chair, that he could not sit down, his parents scold him (then the same thing each time); the tiger sits in the manure; the nest of earth bees was water; the tiger was bitten; a pile of straw - clothes; the tiger throws straw at himself, the hare sets it on fire; the tiger is looking for water, the cow sends it to the mountain, the buffalo to the valley; the tiger is burned, striped; promised to eat all the cows; the cow went to complain, The judge allowed the tiger to bully one cow a year; the quail was sent to notify the tiger while he was flying, forgot what to say, said that the tiger's case was settled; the tiger realized that he was allowed to kill every cow; and the cows they ruin quail nests; the buffalo who saved the tiger received two necklaces that hang around his neck]: Lin Lin, Ustin 1959:173-175; Palaung: Scott 1918 [son of the Sun Hsuriya (from Skr. Surya, sun) fell in love with the naked daughter Princess Thusandi; the father asked his son to join him; Th. gave birth to three eggs; Ts. sent two parrots to bring her a letter and a Manicopa gem; parrots met others forgot about the errand; Taunghtu replaced the letter with bird droppings; when the parrots finally brought the letter to Th., she was offended, threw two of the three eggs in Ayeyarwady; one swam upstream and picked it up gardener, hatched boy, named Udibwa ("Born from an Egg"); he married the daughter of ruler Se-lan, the youngest of their two sons became Emperor of China; the eldest descended from Palaung chiefs; second the egg floated down to Bagan, picked it up by the laundress's husband and wife, put it in a gold box, the boy hatched; he became king of Pagan; the princess threw the third egg into the mountains, its fragments turned into rubies]: 276-277 (retelling in Obayashi 1966:54-55); Obayashi 1966 [(Milne 1924:379-383); Naga princess I-ran-ti took the form of a girl, went to earth, met the Sun; 7 days later he returned to heaven, leaving her chariot; I. laid 3 eggs; the Sun sent I. a bag with a letter and a wonderful gem, giving it to the golden crow; he stopped pecking the carrion, the fisherman found the bag, changed the treasure with a pebble; the Raven brought I.'s bag, who found a simple stone inside, threw it at the Raven; the Sun, as punishment, painted the Raven black, ordered him to live on earth; I., in the guise of a naga, returned underground, throwing his hairpin and three eggs; the barrette and two eggs turned into placers of gold and precious stones; the third egg was stuck at the fork in a tree floating along the river; it was found by the elderly couple and raised a born boy Kok-ya; his Sun Father sent him a bow; his naga mother sent her daughter to earth from her marriage to a naga, K. married her, she gave birth to a daughter; K. killed an ogre bird; his naked wife forgot that she did not must be completely immersed in water, became a snake again while bathing; told her daughter to make clothes striped like snakeskin, gave the clothes the color of snakeskin scales by touching it; people became copy these patterns; K. became the ancestor and king of the Palauns]: 51-54.

South Asia. Gujarati (recorded in Bombay; the informant is from Junagad County, Saurashtra) [Shiva sent his riding bull Nandi to tell people that they should eat once a day and swim three times; on the way, he repeated what he had said to him, but confused him: eating three times, swimming once a day; when they learned Shiva's will, the people began to follow the instructions, but they no longer had enough food; they went back to Shiva; he punished the bull by sending him to people and telling him to work for them]: Talking Myths Project; bondo: Elwin 1950 [Mahaprabhu sent Ox to tell people what to eat once a day; fluttered out in front of the ox partridge, he forgot the instruction, told them to eat twice a day; people said they did; for this, M. ordered the ox to plow the land, otherwise there would not be enough food]: 143; 1954, No. 5 [first bulls and cows harnessed people and plowed; people did it badly, cows beat them; one boy complained to Nirantali; he sent a quail to tell the cow to eat rice and legumes, and people to eat grass; but the quail confused and said the opposite; now the cow has come to N.; he gave her the fruit of stupidity, and gave man the fruit of intelligence], 39 [=1950:143]: 339-340, 359-360; parenga [Mahaprabhu sent a group of gods to tell people how you have to live; Sinadai (her husband Ispur) followed the cow to eavesdrop; heard the gods tell me to swim once a day, eat once a week; the cow confused, told me to wash once a week, eat three times a day; for this, M. ordered the cow to serve humans, otherwise there would not be enough food]: Elwin 1954, No. 45:363-364; litter (Hill Saora) [people only had hoes; Sima Rani sent an ox to tell people to make plows, each harness two women; you have to work twice, eat once, and then people ate three or four times a day; a partridge fluttered out in front of the ox, he confused everything with fear, said that on hot and rainy days people went out to work once, twice when they were cool, but they always ate three times a day; for this, Sima ordered oxen to be harnessed, not women]: Elwin 1954, No. 13:614; sora (Lanjhia Saora) [after the flood brothers Bhimo and Ramo survived; B. began to live in heaven, R. on earth; B. sprayed water of immortality into lakes and rivers, people drank and did not die; he was tired, he asked R. to take a vessel of water and distribute it himself; R . sent Leech, who drank everything herself on the way back, said that B. did not give water; B. found out, burned Leech, but the drops remained in her stomach and she came to life; and for people there was no water of immortality left, they began die]: Elwin 1948, No. 21:425; cond [first cows talked and plowed in public; Nirantali told the quail to tell cows to eat rice and legumes, and people to eat grass; she mixed it up, said on the contrary; cows came to complain; N. gave them the fruit of madness, the cows were speechless; people gave good fruit, they were able to speak, eat rice and legumes]: Elwin 1954, No. 5:339-340; gondas [ Mahaprabhu sent a jackal to tell people to swim twice a day, eat once a day; partridges flew up noisily on the way in front of the jackal, he fell down, forgot everything; told the village chief to swim once a day, eat three times; people were happy, the jackal said the same thing everywhere]: Elwin 1954, No. 10:161; Telugu: Raghaviah 1962 (yanadi) [Mr. Parama Siva sent his rider Maha Nandi bull tell people that they should eat once a week and lubricate their heads with castor oil three times a day; the bull confused it and said the opposite; for this, the PS told the bull to work, dragging the plow to plow]: 377-378; Venkataswami 1923, No. 74-76 [God sent the dog to find out which part of the world was ready; the dog found out that half but did not come back; then God sent a rooster; he also did not return, but shouted that "the dog doesn't come back"; then the second half of the world was also ready and dawn came; then God sent an elephant to find out why the dog and rooster don't come back; he liked it on earth, he didn't either He returned and did not expect that a man who was much smaller than him would command them; then God sent a bull instructing people to bathe three times a day, or once a week; he was confused said that you should wash yourself once a week, and eat three times a day]: 142-143.

China - Korea. Namuzi [three brothers cultivate the land, the land is untouched again in the morning; they find an old man turning back layers of land; although kill him; the old man says there will be a flood, working it makes no sense; tells the older brother to make a boat out of metal, the middle one out of wood, the youngest of leather; the youngest takes his younger sister into his boat, the older brothers' boats have sunk; the water has descended, the rest of the people drowned ; brother and sister see two columns of smoke; sister picks up a flute, goes one way, brother picks up a knife, goes to the other; walks into the house, there are human bones; children explain that the parents have gone to catch the brother's corpses and sisters, the rest of the corpses are taken out; the brother runs away; comes to where the sister married; she tells me to eat little, the brother does not listen; he is killed; but only he knew how to light a fire, carry water, grind grain, herding goats (crows, frogs, dragons, peacocks know, but not everyone can); therefore, the brother has to be revived; seven daughters of Father Heaven come to swim, take off their wings, the young man hides the youngest's wings; says that they were gnawed by mice; the maiden promises to marry the one who would return her wings; she found her wings, returned to heaven; he climbed after her; father-in-law and mother-in-law began to scald his hair, for people's bodies used to be covered with wool; the wife intervened, the hair remained only on the head; the father-in-law demands 1) to dig up nine fields (the wife tells you to leave a hoe at each field, they work themselves); 2) burn the felled vegetation (leave nine torches); 3) dig up the seeds again (same); 4) sow buckwheat (leave the seed vessels at the edge of the field); 5) harvest the seeds again (leave the bags by the field); but three seeds not enough; they were taken away by a gorlinka, his wife tells her to shoot in the morning, the hero takes seeds from the goiter, brings them to his father-in-law; 6) recognize the mother-in-law in the form of an animal, bring her (the wife tells you to grab the first sheep); 7) get to know the father-in-law (it will be yak); the young man gets a wife, cattle, they are sent to the ground; the mother-in-law tells them not to sing, the young man sang, the cattle ran away, some of the wife managed to cover her skirt, these animals became domestic, the rest became wild; the couple can't do anything, poor, sent Crow with nine bowls of tears to heaven to his wife's parents; Raven felt thirsty on the way, drank tears, told his father-in-law and mother-in-law that their daughter and son-in-law were rich and they prosper that they drown the hearth with pork, wipe themselves with grain; the father-in-law was angry, sent tigers and boars to the ground, they ravaged the few fields that the young had; the Bat volunteered to bring 9 tears to heavenly parents; but heavenly father-in-law and mother-in-law did not answer what to do to live normally on earth; the Bat said she would sleep outside, but hid behind the bed herself; heard , as the mother-in-law said: don't they know that three stones should be placed on the hearth, then children will be born; put the roof of the house on poles; lead irrigation ditches to the fields; when mother-in-law is finished, father-in-law I noticed the Bat, threw a pestle at her, and since then her nose has been flattened; the Bat brought these three news to earth, people are living normally]: Lakhi 2009 (1): 67-152; Chinese: Eberhard 1937, No. 77 (Zhejiang) [God sent a messenger to tell people to eat every three days; he said he should eat three times a day; as punishment, God made him a bull and sent him to earth]: 120; 1965, No. 3 (Guangdong) [= Coyaud 2012, No. 41:97; compassionate with people, the Heavenly Emperor sent an Ox (i.e. the Cox Star) to tell them to eat once every three days; the Ox told them to eat three times a day; for this, the Heavenly Emperor sent Ox to earth to help people in their work]: 4; Chinese (Shaanxi, Wu. Wuzu) [people were ruled by the Jade Emperor (NI). He lived in luxury, but allowed people to eat liquid porridge once a day, and ordered the excess grain to be transferred to the Heavenly Palace. The god Niulian (Bull's Face), who guarded the Southern Gate of Heaven, knew about this and was indignant in his heart. Somehow, during the drought, people had nothing to eat. The NI sent N. to issue the command: eat once every three days, take the rest of the grain to the heavenly barn. N. felt sorry for people and instead of "eating every three days" said "eat three times a day", and instead of "taking the rest of the grain to the heavenly barn" said "store the rest of the grain at home". Nor noticed that grain was not coming to his barns, sent evil deities to figure out what was going on. Having learned how N. changed his command, NI became angry, knocked out N.'s upper teeth with a kick, and exiled people to the world. Before leaving, N. asked NI what to sleep on, what to hide on, and what to eat in the human world, and he ordered him to sleep on felt, cover himself with a blanket, and eat grass. When he came to people, N. saw that they had no bedding or blankets, so he gave them his own, and began to sleep on bare ground. He had no upper teeth left, and every time he lay down on the ground, he gave a long sigh, expressing anger at NI. The same man, having exiled N., still regretted him and ordered people to give the bull a hearty lunch every year on New Year's Eve at noon - what is popularly called "hit a thousand times, scolded ten thousand times once, but on New Year's Eve, I gave food at noon." People follow this custom and give rice and white steamed cakes to the bull on this day]: Zhou Yang et al. 1996, No. 12:14-15; Chinese (Zhejiang, Wu. Yuhan) [Soroka confused the order of the heavenly deity: instead of "People shed their skin when they are old, and snakes die when they are old", she reported "People die when old, and snakes, when old, shed their skin "]: Yang 2013:460; Chinese (Liaoning, Kharachin-Zooi-Mongolian Autonomous District; Western 1984; illiterate peasant woman 57 years old, village. Panlonggou, city Niangniangmiao, wu. Jianchang) [In ancient times, people had a tail at birth, and it dried up three years before death. Parents, fearing that people would know about the child's life span, began to pull out their tails at birth. A man died, everyone gathered and began to cry. Hearing crying, the Jade Emperor ordered the donkey to go down to earth to find out what was going on. Then he gave the donkey (paper) with an inscription on longevity to give it to people, but the donkey hung the paper on the cypress tree. A few days later, the Jade Emperor heard sobs again, everything happened again, and the donkey hung the paper on the pine tree. Since then, pine and cypress trees have been evergreen all year round, and people have been dying as before. The jade emperor became angry and exiled the donkey to earth, allowing him to return to heaven 100 days later. On the last day, the young daughter-in-law was about to cross the river, and the turtle advised her to sit on a donkey. The donkey was stained with menstrual blood and could not return to heaven. He has become an enemy of the turtle and every time he needs to cross the river, he stops in the middle of the river and relieves himself to annoy the turtle with the smell of urine]: Liaoning 1994:306; Chinese (Sichuan, wu . Wanxian) [When Pangu separated heaven from earth, the cow could speak and was a powerful heavenly spirit. At that time, grass did not grow on the ground, and people sent their descending spirit to the Cow to ask the Jade Lord for grass seeds. The jade lord gave him seeds and ordered him to sow them one at a time every three steps, and bury the rest in the mound. But when he returned to people, the spirit confused everything and began to sow them three at a time. The following year, all the land was covered with grass, and people were afraid that it would prevent them from growing grain. Upon learning of this, the Jade Lord sent the Cow to the ground to help people plow fields and eat grass. Since then, the Cow has been helping people weed and plow fields and no longer speaks. When he fell to the ground, he hit and lost his upper teeth, so only his lower teeth are left, so he does not chew the grass thoroughly, first eats it, and then, in his spare time, chews slowly]: Zhou Yang et al. 1998b, No. 20a: 40-41; a fox [the husband went with his children to the station; on the way he shot a monkey, came back, gave it to his wife; when he saw a human hand, the wife yelled that her children were dead; Vousa sent a bat to say that a person would not die until his fallen teeth filled three large baskets; but the bat said that everyone, including babies, should die; for this, V. flattened the bat Mice face and tore mouth to ear; and people have been dying ever since]: Dessaint, Ngwâma 1994:201-202.

The Balkans. Ancient Greece: Elian, Animal History, VI. 51 [(due to the existence of snakes that are terribly thirsty to bite); Rumor states that Prometheus stole fire, and the myth tells us that Zeus got angry and gave a cure for old age to those who caught the thief. So as far as I know, those who received this product put it on a donkey. And he set off, carrying the load, it was spring, and the donkey, feeling thirsty, went to the spring in need of a drink. But the snake guarding the spring did not let him in and drove him away, and he, thirsty, gave her the medicine he had been carrying as payment for the health cup. Thus, gifts were exchanged: the donkey received a drink, and the snake took off its old age, in addition, as history says, a thirst for a donkey]; Aesop's fables [Perry 1952, No. 458; Zeus prescribes a potion longevity as a reward for catching Prometheus; the potion is loaded onto a donkey; the donkey gives part of the drug to the snake in exchange for drinking]: Gasparov 1968, No. 397:182 (=1992:204).

Caucasus - Asia Minor. Armenians: Harutyunyan 2007 (Karabakh) [the snake had wings; God told her to fly to the deceased, say: "Wear the shroud, come home." The snake said, "Wear the stone, come home." God cursed the serpent, ordered them to eat the earth and crawl]: 37; (in Armenian: "Avandapatum (Tales)". Yerevan, Publishing House of the Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences, 1969. P. 127-128); Nazarene 1878 [(song); a raven came, croaked, rummaged through the garbage dump, having received his punishment, croaking, said: - Woe to me, as I am, birds do not accept me, people drive me away, cursed my death! When God sent me to Adam's womb to tell him: "Adam, wear out your shroud (arm. "patan") and come out", I was a person like you, mortal, finite. But instead of saying, "Adam, wear out your shroud," I said, "Adam, wear out your tombstone (Arm. "tapan")". Poor Adam is still suffering and trying to wear it out... But the stone is not worn out at all, and it will not wear out unless God helps. For this, God turned me from a man into a crow, into a scavenger - He told me: - If you are cursed forever, you will die croaking, you will not see a grave, you will lay eggs with your throat, I forgive the sin who kills you!] : 10; Talyshi: Arakelova 2006 [(TNPS, p.20); Khidr owns living water that he wants to sprinkle people so that they can gain immortality; a raven who is entrusted with this mission, trying to sprinkle himself , spills water from its beak onto a boxwood tree, since then it has been evergreen]: 122; Asatryan 2005 [Saint Hizr gave water from a spring of paradise to the Earth's crow, ordered that it be sprinkled on people's heads so that they could find eternal life; the crow took water, flew, sat on a boxwood tree, decided to pour water on its head, but the water spilled on the boxwood, which became evergreen]: 20.

Iran - Central Asia. Tajiks [Khudovand gave the crow water from the Zumzum/Zamzam well in the Mecca area to deliver it to a man so that the man could live for a thousand years; the raven croaked, dropped water from his mouth, the drops fell on juniper, which has been evergreen ever since, has been growing for a thousand years]: Rakhimov 2007:79-80.

(Wed. Baltoscandia. According to Bronislava Kerbelite (personal report, 2014), the origin of the text is unknown, so a hoax or accidental mistake is highly likely. Lithuanians [God sent the Snail to tell people they would not die and the Lizard to say they would die; the Lizard brought the message first, so humans are mortal]: Kerbelite 2001:102).

Southern Siberia - Mongolia. Khakas: Dyrenkova 1929 (Sagai people) [Kudai created 10 men and 9 women; of all the birds, only the Raven agreed to fly for mogu su (eternal water) to revive them; on the way back tempted by carrion, spilled part of the water; as punishment he became black, and people lost their immortality]: 123; Katanov 1907, No. 397 [Kudai told the old man that there would be a flood, ordered to make a raft, put everyone on it creatures; the devil (Ainá) tells his wife to give him water, not to board the raft until he says in his hearts, "Sit down, hell"; the mammoth and the eagle refused to sit down, decided to pull it out anyway; but the birds and the eagle tired, they sat on the mammoth, he and the eagle plunged into the water; the old man sent the crow for living water; he did not carry it, spilled it on pine, rose hips, spruce trees and cedar; therefore the trees are evergreen]: 417-418; Altaians: Anokhin 1924 [Ulgen created human bodies, sent Raven to Kuday to ask for souls for them; he gave them, the Raven carried them in his beak; flew past the corpse of a camel, a horse, seeing the corpse of a cow, Carr shouted, what eyes! Souls fell into the coniferous forests, which became evergreen; at this time Erlik gave the dog guard a warm fur coat, breathed his soul into people's bodies, their bodies came to life]: 18; Nikiforov 1915 [Kudai sends The crow brings the immortal souls of people to the ground to Ulgen; he sees the corpse of a cow, screams, What eyes! , scatters what is carried over forests and mosses]: 240-241; Baikal Buryats (Olkhon, 1903) ["The cuckoo king lives in the south, the size of a ram. He sent us and his cuckoo the water of eternity (munhuin hara wa) to spray it all of us, so that the whole earth and people could live in happiness and abundance. But the cuckoo of immortality splashed into pine, spruce and other evergreen trees. She reported to the king and now reports: "There are no trees or people there (i.e. we), and I am forced to cuckle on horse droppings (tontogool). It is hot in summer and cold in winter. There is no tree that can withstand you, king""]: Zhamtsarano 2011:59; Baikal Buryats (Alar) [The raven drinks eternal black water and is therefore durable; God sent him to take it to man; he he sat on a pine tree on the road; the owl frightened him with a scream, he spilled water; since then, the pine tree has to be evergreen; you have to take water from the spring in the morning before the raven can get drunk; he arrives early and gains immortality]: Potanin 1883, No. 43:210-211; Mongols: Benningsen 1912 (St. Zain Hure, Sede) [The swallow took out a few drops of living water, carried it in her mouth to sprinkle people and give them immortality; the wasp bit her, the Swallow dropped the water, the drops fell on pine, cedar and lingonberries, now they always green; The swallow bit off Ose's tongue, now she doesn't sing, but buzzing]: 21 (retelling referring to another Mongolian source in Yeongdong 1989:56); Potanin 1881, No. 25c [was the lama who created everyone animals and birds; having drawn beautiful water into a cup, told the Raven to pour it drop by drop on each person's head so that people would be immortal; on the way to people, the Crow sat on the cedar, croaked, the water fell out mouth; three evergreens grew in that place: cedar, ephedra and juniper; other trees, like humans, are mortal, die every winter; the lama gave the Raven the name Hara-kira (black crow), told them to eat their eyes dead people]: 166-167; 1883, No. 43c [Burkhyn-Bakshi gave the Raven the drink of immortality he had prepared arashan, ordered him to pour it on the man's head; she sat on a spruce tree, waited for the man; Owl frightened her with a scream, she spilled arashan; since then, the spruce has been evergreen]: 210; the Mongols (Ordos Ardin Ulger). Hohhot, 1992:287; Burhan Bagsh sent a crow to bring people the nectar of immortality and health; he saw a mouse dying, lowered it, spilled nectar on the caragan bush; for this, BB told him to sit on even in the cold high place and hunt for mice; sent a hare to tell people to eat once a day and wash their face three times; the hare forgot everything and came back; BB threw a whip at him, his tail fell off, became small and The tail is a black spot; BB told him to be prey for everyone, including crows; sent a bull; he confused him, told him to wash once a day and eat three times; BB told him to work for people]: Yegupova 2012:25-27.

Western Siberia. Eastern Khanty: Lukina 1990, No. 14 (b. Vasyugan, Western 1971) [the man is dead, the dog asks Torum how to revive him; he tells him to put a stone on his feet, rotten on his head; the dog went to obey the order, the devil advised him to do it on the contrary; the man got up, a stone pierced his head, he died altogether; T. told the dog to wear a fur coat and eat human garbage; before that, the dog was a friend to man]: 75; Soldatova 2008, No. 17 (b. Wah, 2008) [a man died, the dog was sent to God; God: put a stone at your feet, rotten on your head; on the way back, Lunh met a dog, told me to say the opposite (a stone to your head); people did so; the man got up, the rotten stuff under his feet crumbled, he fell, hit a stone, finally died; God became angry, told the dog to be covered in hair and eat garbage, and people began to die]: 125; Northern Selkups: Pelikh 1998:38-39 [the heavenly god Pari-num invited the land Tomem to be his wife; he came for her only in the fall, when Tomem became the evil Tagam; they have a son, Kang; the father sent to find out why people are crying; he said that the first man had died; Pari-num ordered him to be told to put a stone in his feet, a rotten head, a man would rest on a stone, break a rotten thing, will stand up; Kahn said the opposite; the man broke his head against a stone, died again; Pari-num turned Kan into a dog; the dog sensed an ogre bear; he gave it warm hair to let it through], 39 [died first man; Pari-num sent Kahn to the ground to order the corpse to be hung on a tree, not to bury it; Kahn said on the contrary, the man did not come to life]; Tuchkova 2004:142 (Western 1941 on Baikha) [the dog lived in heaven; God sent her to tell people that when a person dies, he should be put on a platform; the dog ordered the dead to be buried in the ground, and told God that he ordered them to be put on the platform; God threw the dog on the ground, told eat bones], 143 [the dog had wings; a sick man asked her to fly to God to ask how to be treated; the dog confused God's advice, told her to put not a stone under his feet, but a rotten tree, Put a stone under his head; the man rested his feet on the rotten, it crumbled, he fell, broke his head against a stone; since then people began to die; God deprived the dog of its wings, covered it with hair, ordered him to pick it up crumbs thrown by man]; chum salmon: Alekseenko 2001, No. 50 (Surgutikhinsky, Lake. Nalimye, 1960) [when the war ended, few people were left; everyone kept dying; below, "on the stone side," Hosedam lived, killing the people; Big Shaman Dog told people, "Do as I tell them to do. First cut me an iron ring and a hammer with an iron handle, make iron arrows"; people forged for several days, but badly; D. already knew about it; people made a ring, one half of which was copper, the other iron; the hammer handle was also half iron and half copper; D. had to take them after all; he came to H., put an iron ring around her neck, wanted to hit her with a hammer; a hammer flew, the copper melted; D. wanted to hit again, but the ring broke; I had to go back; told people, "I couldn't free you. From now on you will die, you will disappear. She will draw you towards her, since my request was fulfilled badly"; decided: "Well, I will not live here on earth anymore, I will go upstairs"; told people to make an iron refusal and an iron aldon; people He was deceived again - copper was added to the stalk, but more than half of the iron was left; D. took what they did and said: "Whoever wants to escape from the Hosedam, follow me upstairs. Do not take thin things with you, only clean clothes"; he began to rise with the people to heaven, thunder rattled there; they rose, but did not have enough strength; those behind could not walk as if someone had tied them up; it turned out that D.'s wife took her dirty pants with her; D. cut off the rope of her sledges, his wife fell down; moved on, people were tired; thunders and clouds came to meet them; D. cut them with a refusal and a sword, led people on; they shouted that they would starve to death; when they saw the forest, they tried to cut firewood without success - the trees were half iron, half wood; they cut down the wooden half of the forest, moved on; D. continued to fight against the clouds; the last cloud was the strongest, the saber on it - because of people's deception - broke; all people stayed there; those people who stayed on earth died and cried (after all, they did not die before); You heard, sent his son to find out; he came back, said that people were dying because they were crying; E. sent him back to earth, ordered: "Let the people put the dead in the storage shed, let the dead lie there for seven days, then they will come to life"; the son came to people, said: "The father ordered: dig the earth for seven fathoms, put the man down there"; E. found out that the son had deceived people, asked him if he had given people a message; he replied that he had told him; E. went to earth, saw that people were dying and his son deceived him; he was angry: "Well, let it always be like this now!" ; he lowered his son down: "Where you fall, you will be a dog, you will live with handouts from a person, eat his feces"; D. lowered his son with a loon, but people did not understand, they killed; everyone who ate the loon died; the old people warned: why are you driving, this is D. son!] : 113-115; Anuchin 1914 [When a man, an old man, died for the first time, people thought he was sleeping, but when they could not wake him up, they got scared and began to cry; Es sent them a dog (which people had not seen it before) and ordered to tell people not to be afraid, and the old man would be wrapped in herbs and hung from a tree - then he would live again in seven days. The dog deceived people by telling them to bury the old man in the ground. People have been dying ever since. As punishment, Yes ordered the dog to live on earth and eat human bowel movements]: 11-12; Davletshin, Duvakin 2009 [Marya Maksimovna Irikova, August 2009; a man died; I heard you in heaven crying, sent my son to tell the deceased to be put in the storage shed, in 7 days he would come to life; he ordered the deceased to be made a coffin, buried; Yes, turned his son into a dog for this]: personal message; Nikolaeva 2006 (pos. Kellogg) [there was no death; then people fainted; There sent the Dog to tell the Dog that the fainted would come to life; the dog confused, ordered the fainted to be buried in the ground; You gave the Dog to slavery to the Ketam, ordered to feed only three times a day]: 81; Porotova 1982 [God heard crying from the ground, sent his son to find out what was going on; he returned, said that man had died for the first time; God ordered him to pass on The deceased was put in a storage shed, he would come to life on the seventh day; God's son told him to be buried in the ground; God turned him into a dog for this, ordered him to live in front of people]: 59-60.

(Wed. Eastern Siberia. Yenisei Evenks {apparently Russian borrowing; see Khakas} [old Bambay leaves the Kemchugi River with his children, leaves an eight-year-old orphan named Henukychan ("hazel grouse") in the forest; Chimera (from russ. "death") tries to eat it, his mother H. takes him to God; he is assigned to watch the entrance to heaven; Chimera comes, God tells her to eat middle-aged people for three years, boy reports that God ordered to eat middle forests for three years; after three years, God tells us to eat three years of children, an orphan says that the twigs are talnik; next time, "old people", and says that "dry trees" ; after that, Chimer flies to God, he is angry, tells her to eat the liar; he asks for three days; asks how Chimera got to God, asks him to show him, get into the hollow with a fly; closes him; when Kh. grew old, God told him to release Chimera; people began to die again]: Rychkov 1936, No. 1:273-266)

Amur - Sakhalin. Orochi [God sent the Otter to say that people will eat grass and leaves, live in mountains, in caves, stone will be their fuel; the otter told people that they will fish, beat everyone beast, build houses, use wood as fuel... kill otters, sell their skins]: Shanshina 2000:76.

Japan. Miyako Islands [The month gives Akariyazagama a tub of living water and a tub of dead water, sends him to the ground, orders him to pour living water on a person, a snake for the dead; when he reaches the ground, A. falls asleep, a snake splashes living water on himself; frightened A. waters the dead man, returns to heaven; the Month punishes him, telling him to stand on the moon from now on with a tub in his hands]: Nevsky 1996:269-270; Okinawa [13 records; the Moon and Sun sent a lark to bring people living water, but the lark threw water on the way and began to peck for strawberries. Meanwhile, the snake drenched in live water, began to change its skin and live forever. They poured the leftovers of water that the Skylark brought to people onto their nails, which began to grow back. The lark reported this to the Moon and the Sun, they tied him with a rope, making his body smaller and his legs thinner]: Naono Fukasawa 2015 (Tsukan, No. 487); Amami Islands [Journey and Tradition Magazine " 6-5, 1933, article by Shomu Nobori; In ancient times, humans were immortal because every year on January 1, the Chinchin bird (probably a mountain wagtail), God's messenger, brought water of youth; people washed it the face was rejuvenated; one day the bird was resting in a tree, and the crow attacked it and wanted to eat it; the bird flew away and at that moment spilled water on the tree. People have been dying since then, and this tree rejuvenates every year (sheds its bark)]: Naono Fukasawa 2015; Ainu: Etter 1949 [The creator sends a Sparrow to the god of Heaven to ask how to make people; From wood (willow); later God changes his mind, sends the Otter to say it's made of stone; the Otter loses time fishing; wooden people are mortal; the god of Heaven punishes the Otter by stepping on its face]: 22-23; Chiri 1973:196 in Mashiko 2002 [Kotan-kar-kamuy sent a sparrow to the god of heaven to ask what to make people out of; he said it was made of wood; after changing his mind, he sent an otter to say it was made of stone; but she stopped fishing fish is late; therefore, people are mortal, but they grow and multiply; the god of heaven stepped on the otter's head in anger, it has become flat; since people were made of willow, they bend like a willow in old age]: 4; (cf. Batchelor 1927 [God sent Skylark with a message to earth, told him to return before evening; he forgot, started playing; explains to God that he made the world too beautiful; God tells him to stay on earth and fly no higher than 100 m]: 317-318; Brauns 1883 [God sent the Rooster to earth with an important message; he liked it so much that he stayed for a long time; when he came back, God sent him forever in anger live on the ground; therefore, the rooster does not fly high]: 250).

The Arctic. Asian Eskimos [The dog lives in the sky; the owner of the seven heavens, Kiyagniku, sends her to tell people that meat should be eaten every two days; the dog is tired, confused, says meat should be eaten twice a day; sent to live with people on earth as punishment]: Sergeyeva 1968:37-38.

(Wed. Southeast USA. {Apparently African borrowing}. Chitimacha: Swanton 1917:476 [the person fell ill, people sent the Rabbit to ask God if he would die; God replied he would recover; on the way back, the Rabbit tripped, fell, broke his lip, ever since she forked; forgot God's answer, came back to ask again; God was angry, said that man would die; this is how death appeared], 476-477 [people wanted to kill the Rabbit, he said he would go to live with God; God replied that the Rabbit should live in the bushes; the Rabbit came to people, said that God told them to live in the bushes; people began to build dwellings in the bushes; God found out about this, punished the Rabbit for deception, leaving him speechless ]).

Mesoamerica Nahuatl Veracruza [after learning of her husband's resurrection, a woman should laugh; a lizard deliberately says she should cry; her husband dies again]: González Cruz 1984:225; mountain camps [like Nahuatl, but the sight of an animal reporting a false message is not entirely clear]: Elson 1947:213-214; chol [the moon had four evil sons; a fifth (this is the Sun) was born, died, put in a coffin; one of He was able to restore his sons from their bones; sent another to tell them to Mother Moon to laugh when she came; he met the Devil, he told them to tell them that their mother should cry; the mother came and cried, The son's bones fell apart, God died forever]: Whittaker, Warkentin 1965, No. 7:46-49; (cf. pipili [the woman's head goes at night, leaving her body, to the giant's lover sesimite; the neighbor informs her husband, advises to pour hot coals around her neck; the head is attached to her husband's back; he asks get her down until he climbs the tree for the fruits of the sapote; throws heavy bunches specifically at his head; his head rushes after a deer running by, attaches himself to it, falls into the abyss; the priest advises her husband to follow the trails, collect all the hair that has fallen from his head, bury his head with his hair; a gorlyanka tree (Crescentia L.) grows in this place; three boys are inside the fetus and girl; asking their father where their mother is; sisemite giant and cannibal Tanteputz (the man's wife's parents) raised them; Mother Moon sent bamboo with her milk to feed the children; the messenger handed it over to the Crocodile, but he drank the milk himself; the rabbit came to ask where the milk was, asked him to open his mouth, saw milk, cut off the Crocodile's tongue; since then, the crocodile has been hiding in shame in the depths of the water; {the motive does not fully answer definition: the fact of transferring milk to a crocodile has no consequences in itself]: Hartman 1907, No. 1:144-145).

Western Amazon. Shuar: Pelizzaro 1990:169 [=1993:169; to make a man, Ayumpúm sent Hummingbird to bring clay, Cricket a tree, a Beetle (Sesenk) a stone; Hummingbird and Cricket brought, but the Beetle did not returned; A. created a man out of clay and wood, breathing life into him, but without a stone, man became mortal, dies at any age], 172-173 [the person fell ill; Ayumpúm ordered to call the shaman Stone and did not call the shaman Langust; Sesenk was sent for the Stone, who walked slowly, skirting obstacles; then Cricket was sent for the Lobster, who quickly got there and brought him; Langust told people to be sick in any age and even before birth; then the Stone came in, turned into a mysterious Namur stone; A. said that only shamans who knew how to find this stone would be able to heal a little; people trampled the beetle, lobster and cricket, giving them their current shape]; Rueda 1987, No. 5 [Etsa (The Sun) ordered the Sesenk to bring the stone, he lingered, so people are not made of stone and are mortal; Bat E. ordered to bring a bundle with a woman, a duck with gray hair; the first opened the bundle when he smelled a woman, the second out of curiosity; the first turned into a bat, the second into a duck whose feathers resemble gray hair], 6 [to make a man, Etsa (Sun) sent Cricket to bring the stone, but Sesenk volunteered to do so; she walked slowly, and Cricket quickly brought clay; E. made a man out of clay, so He is mortal; the man met the Beetle dragging the stone and crushed it with it]: 60, 61; Aguaruna [The cricket was sent to bring a tree that dies quickly, the Beetle (Sesen) to bring the stone; the Beetle went for a long time, A cricket brought a tree, man is made of rotten wood and is therefore mortal]: Chumap Lucía, García-Rendueles 1979, No. 247-251; Napo [God sent the pauhil bird to bring stones, to make people teeth, but he brings corn kernels; the trompetero bird brings stones when God makes teeth for wild pigs]: Mercier 1975:64; kofan [God made man out of earth; sent Curasso (Crax daubentoni, a family of wild chickens, Cracidae) to bring flint to make his teeth; he hesitated; then God sent the Trumpeter (Psophia sp., Psophiide; looks like guinea fowl in long legs, close to cranes and shepherds, he brought balsa to wood; God turned one into a trumpeter, the other into curasso, made flint teeth for bakers and dogs; and humans and jaguars made teeth out of balsa; therefore they go bad]: Borman, Criollo 1990, No. 4:59-64 (quoted in Zumbroich, Stross 2010:62).

The Central Andes. Departments of Ancash, Junin, Huancavilca, Pasco, Ayacucho, Cusco, Puno [God sends chihuaco (Turdus sp.) thrush to announce to people that they must eat once a day, wear leaf clothes, eat wild fruits; wool on sheep (alpacas) should be twelve colors; chihuacos are mixed up (monochrome sheep, eat three times a day, weave yourself, grow fruits; chihuaco punished by God (brown feathers, dirty ass, always hungry)]; Ayavinha, Ragash County, Sihuas Province, Dep. Ancash: Souffez 1988:45-48 [at first Adam and Eve don't talk, they live with animals; Taita Dios sends a chihuaco thrush bird (sorsal, aka yukuk, chihuaco) throw lice into the river; he throws them at Adam's head; at the same moment A. begins to talk to Eve; people begin to multiply and die; God wanted each animal species to have a special kind of lice; Chiauko says everyone will have the same], 53-54 [God sends chihuaco thrush (= yukuk, Turdus sp.) to tell people to dress in leaves; C. says people should spin sheep wool; God tells women to seek connections with men and work in the fields, men to do household chores; C. says that the opposite will be true; God tells men to have periods; C. places some blood on a man's penis; he thinks it's ugly, he passes his period on to women]; Mantaro Valley [God sends a beautiful chihuaco thrush to say that people should eat once a day; that flies and sings, Three times a day; the River hears him, sends the message to people; God punishes the chihuaco, making him awkward and despised; now he sings, My wife and son are gone]: Jimenez Borja 1937 [ #4; without pagination]; Morote Best 1954:110-112; 1988:106-107; Tomoeda 1982:291; Peru's Central Mountains [God sends a chihuaco thrush to tell people their teeth will be like steel, what to eat once in a while three days; he says his teeth will be like corn, you should eat three times a day; God punishes him by making his feathers gray and his digestive apparatus like a sieve]: Quijada Jara 1969-1970 in Sebastiani 1990:152; Ryua, Andamarca [God sends chihuaco thrush to tell people their teeth and nails will be steel; he says teeth will be cornstarch, nails will be potato peel; God punishes Chihuaco, now he only has one gut; people always kill him]: Ortiz Rescaniere 1980:140; Kispicanchis (dep. Cusco) [God wants the fruits to ripen not only in the valley but also in the mountains, the wool was twelve colors, the journey between cities did not take more than a day; the chihuaco thrush distorts his words]: Tomoeda 1982:291; aymara (prov. Norcichas, dep. Potosi): Paredes Candia 1953 [(translated into Yakushenkov 2000:88-90); God created man, earth, animals, and plants. I left the colors and properties of things for the last day of creation. I chose a fox (ketch. Atokk) to communicate their will. - People will not need clothes, they will live naked. To do this, I'll give them feathers that will cover them from waist to knee. People did not hear the divine voice, and they turned to the fox: - What does God say? - That women would make their own clothes. They will have to thread and weave until their fingertips start to swell and their lungs ache. God continued: "You will not plant a single plant in the fields. Trees and all plants will give you delicious fruits that you can easily pick. Corn cobs will grow above the ears of corn. Fox: - God says you will cultivate your land for food. And he leaves all plants as food for animals - his true children. God: - People will eat once a day. Fox: - You will eat three meals a day. The first meal will be called breakfast, and it will take place in the morning. The second one is lunch, at noon, and it is very plentiful. And the third one at night will be called dinner. God: Sheep wool will be blue, red, green, white, black, yellow, and all the colors of the rainbow so that women and men who want to decorate themselves don't need "powders" to color them. Fox: Wool will be white, black and coffee colored, and those who want to dye it in different colors should buy aniline paints from merchants for their own money. Men and women, dissatisfied with the Creator's orders, decided to ask him for at least one favor and sought mediation from the fox. Atokk asked God: Do poor Indians ask how they will weave their clothes? God: Tell my kids to have their women put their spindles and some wool in a pitcher and I'll turn it all into beautiful fabrics and adorable threads. Atokk: God says women will work their whole lives processing wool and making fabrics, because what they ask for is impossible]: 21-23; Tomoeda 1982:290-291; Prov. Norchichas (dep. Potosi) [God sends the Fox to tell people that all cultivated plants (potatoes, corn, quinoa, canyua, etc.) will grow on the branches of a large tree; the fox convenes people and animals, tells disassemble the seeds by size, color, and shape, and prepare a special field for each species; God punishes the Fox by making his mouth as wide as his lies; (translated in Yakushenkov 2001:90)]: Paredes Candia 1953: 23-25; 1957:65 (retelling in Tomoeda 1982:290).