I110. Heavenly farmers.
.15.-.17.22.-.24.27.-.29.31.34.38.
Constellations are associated with agricultural tools or with people who are engaged in agricultural work (most often plowing and haymaking). See I110A motifs (plow), I110B (haymaking).
Latins, Italians, Galicians, French, Germans (North and South), Austrians, British, Scots, Welsh, Irish, Babylonia, Sumer, Khmer, Thais, Sre, Baiga, Haria , Sora, Gondas, Kolam, Gutob, Javanese, Balinese, Croats, Slovenes, Serbs, Bulgarians, Macedonians, Greeks, Albanians, Romanians, Hungarians, Russians (Vologda), all Ukrainians, Belarusians (?) , Poles, Kashubians, Luzhitans, Czechs, Slovaks, Karachays, Terek Cossacks, Chechens, Georgians, Estonians, Finns, Karelians, Ingrians, Lithuanians, Prussians, Shirongols, Japanese.
Southern Europe. Galicians [Orion - "plow", Orion's belt - "plow handle" (a rabela do arado)]: Volpati 1933a: 506; (cf. Quechua, Chuquisaca Department, Bolivia, author's field observations) [Mancera (plow handle) - Orion's Belt and Sword; the cosmonym is clearly of Iberian origin, like Cabrillos - Pleiades]: Ciancia 2018:13 ); Italians: Mladenova 2006 [Orion's belt - kosza]: 144; Haapio 1952 (Italian Alps) [Orion - sickle]]: 221; Volpati 1932 [Orion-Rastrello ("rake"), also "flail", "plow", "saw"]: 162, 170; Latins: Allen 1899 [Negidius and Varron have a plowman and the Ursa Major have oxen]: 92; Scherer 1974 [in Varron and Ennius the Ursa Major has a plow]: 186.
Western Europe. Germans: Andrew 1878 (Old High German) [Orion - pfluoc ("plow")]: 109; Holy 1961 [Die drei Möder ("Three Mowers"), in the old days they called "Three Ploughs"]: 123; Haapio 1952 [Orion Belt - "three mowers", "rake", "plow"]: 221 (German Switzerland), 222; Mladenova 2006:123 [Orion - "rake"], 144 [Orion's belt - kostsy]; Svyatsky 1961 [Die drei Möder ("Three Mowers"), in the old days they were called" Three plows "]: 123; Grimm 1882 (Upper Germany) [Orion's Belt - "Three Mowers"]: 726:222; Austrians (Tyrol, Carinthia) [Orion - "sickle"]: Haapio 1952:221; Irish [Ursa Major - plow ( Camcheacta)]: Allen 1899:431; Irish, German, Dutch [in northern Germany, Holland, Southern England and Ireland Ursa Major - "plow"]: Scherer 1974:186 (=1953:135 in Mladenova 2006:122); Welsh: Trevelyan 1909:35 [The Big Dipper - Arthur's Plough-tail; another composition {Little Dipper?} - Smaller Plough-handle], 36 [Orion Belt - "Mowers"]; British, Scots [Scottish pleuch, English plough stands for Charles's wain]: Grimm 1883 (2): 727; https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%27s_pleuch Peter's pleuch is the constellation Ursa Major meanin 'muckle beir', that's a uissfu pynter tae the north. Ane o the stars is kent as Jack aside the middle horse;
French: Sébillot 1904 (Vosges, Provence, Languedoc) [Orion+Rigel Belt - "rake"]: 32; Volpati 1932 (first by Gregory Tursky) [Orion - "braid"]: 172-173; Allen 1899 [peasants in France and along the Rhine call Orion's Belt a "rake"]: 316.
Western Asia. Babylonia [epinnu - "The Plough", a constellation within the North Triangle and Andromeda, according to another version, only Andromeda; the figure of the constellation Plough probably corresponded to the images of the plow- seeders (found on seals and kudurru); Sumerian and Assyrian-Babylonian sources; plow as a religious symbol since early dynastic times]: Kurtik 2007:66-70.
Burma - Indochina. Khmers [Orion-Djem Kol (Wache der Pfluges; "plow time"]: Bastian in Andrew 1878:109; Thais [Orion - Dao thai, "plow"]: Bastian in Andrew 1878:109; cre [having trained the first a generation of people, Surden ("cultural hero of Ma, Sre and other peoples in southern Vietnam") took to heaven; placed constellations so that people could do the right things according to their shape; Pleiades were perceived as a stupa and women bringing down rice in it, the constellation Virgo as a plow, Ursa Major as a boat; ma and sre were descendants of Surden]: Chesnov 1982t: 428.
South Asia. Baiga [Nangar star group - "plow" {not Big Dipper); five others (Orion?) - Kutela (a stick for leveling the ground or washing)}; when Guru Mahadeo was plowing, a phadki laughed at him; he threw it into the sky; there she is with two eggs, but she doesn't incubate them; Nangar is a plow Mahadeo, Kutela - the stick he threw at the phadki; Tenga (hoe) - he used to cultivate the field]: Elwin 1939:335; haria [Bhagavan made a plow and yoke with Kotlā's wooden hammer; When he saw a Kurkur (or Pāndu) dove sitting on eggs, he threw a hammer at it with a hammer; the Pleiades, Aldebaran (Kurkur) a dove, Hyades her eggs, Orion's Sword and Belt a plow and yoke]: Roy 1937:431; sora (saora) [Binjhwar was Balram Raja, his eldest wife's parents lived in heaven; he sent her to his parents, and the young wife stayed with him on earth; the eldest wife had a son, the youngest daughter; BR with his youngest wife grew old, daughter grew up, father passed her off as a poor orphan; the eldest wife's son married his mother's brother's daughter; BR was worried about how to feed his son's and daughter's families, because there was no plow, people worked a digger; he made two wooden plows, one left to his son-in-law and the other to his son in heaven; when he saw this plow, the heavenly father of his elder wife BR made a plow out of gold, but he could not plow it, and he has since seen in the sky as a row of stars {Orion?}] : Elwin 1954, No. 11:612-613; gutob [the constellation includes Orion's belt and sword, 4 stars in total; it's a plow (nangal jwaśi), where Orion's belt is the drawbar and the sword star is the part it holds ploughman]: A.S. Krylova, E.A. Renkovskaya, field materials, December 2018; gondas [Orion - Naagardai ("plow")]: Vahia et al. 2019:55; colam [tipan (sowing gun)]: Vahia et al. 2019:55.
Malaysia-Indonesia. Javanese [Orion - weluku, welajar ("plow"); Betelgeuse - wound on ploughman's leg]: Maaβ 1921:47; Bali: Maaβ 1921:47 [Orion-wluku, waluku], 51 [Orion, Taurus, Pleiades - elephant, pulling plow].
The Balkans. Ancient Greece [Bootes in Greek sources, i.e. "ploughman (following the plow)"]: Hom. Od. V. 272; Arat. Phaen. 92, 96, 136, 581; Hyg. Astr. II. 4.7; Romanians [Orion - "plow", "ox plow", "big plow"]: Mladenova 2006:121; Volpati 1932:187; Croats, Slovenes [Orion's belt - three mowers; in Zagorje (Croatia) they explained that God, in the guise of an old man, met three mowers in the meadow; they fed him and gave him rest; God rewarded them by placing them and their mother (the fourth star) in heaven; in some Slovenian versions, this three sickles or three people stirring up hay]: Šmitek 2001:132-133; Croats: Kale 1996 [Orion's belt - mowers or sheaves (in particular "old woman's sheaves", "sheaves of St. Peter"); Orion's sword - either the same, but "small", or those who shovel the mowed]: 215-218; Belova 2004b [three kostsa]; Serbs, Croats [Orion-Kosce Belt]: Karpenko 1992:194; Slovenes : Belova 2004b [Orion Belt - grablje, grabljice]: 560-561; Kropej 2012 [in Dalmatian Slovenia the Big Dipper - "plow" (Kulla na nebi), in Slomšek - Nebeški voz, in Stritar - Voz na nebu, in Valjavek - "Ilijina kola", in Bojini - "St. Ilya", in Pivka - "St. Martina", in Žiri - Cowhide, but more often Big Cart]: 121; Matičetov 1972 [Orion Belt - "kowers", three mowers]: 51; Valjavec 1867 (Loparshitsa) [The stars are called kvočka; foringaš (Kucher) ); device Marije križec; Jakopova pal'ca; mlatci (threshers); kosci (mowers); rimska cesta (Roman road)]: 221; Serbs: Belova 2008a [j armovim]; Jankovim 1951 [ Ursa Major - a plow with oxen]: 143-145; Mladenova 2006 [there is one indication that Orion is a "plow" in Serbo-Croatian, but usually a "plow with oxen" - Ursa Major]: 120; Bulgarians: Boneva 1994 ( Rhodopes) [Orion - Oralo, Ralo, Oralitsa, Ralitsa, etc.]: 12; Kovachev 1914 [Orion's belt - plow and two oxen, plowman - Orion]: 24; Mladenova 2006 [Orion (sometimes also Ursa Major, Ursa Minor, Pleiades) - plow (ralitsa, ralo)]: 117-118; Bulgarians, Hungarians, Romanians: Mladenova 2006 [Orion belt - kostsy]: 144; Kale 1996 [lower part of the Orion constellation - "sickle"]: 213; Stoynev 2006 [Orion - Ralitsa, Oralice, Ralo]: 263; Bulgarians, Macedonians [Orion: ralo, oralo, ralitsa, ralnitsa, oralnitsa, criulitsata, oracht, oracho]: Belova 2008a; Macedonians [Orion -" ox plow", Betelgeuse - "Orach" (ploughman); the ploughman returned after his forgotten belt and was a little further away from the oxen with the plow; so the wolves were going to attack the oxen]: Cenev 2014:175, 179-180; Greeks [Orion (sometimes also Ursa Major, Pleiades - plough]: Mladenova 2006:121, 123; Albanians [Orion - plow handle]: Mladenova 2004:52; 2006:121; Hungarians [Orion - "kostsy", "three moulders" "]: Haapio 1952:221.
Central Europe. Poles: Gładyszowa 1960 [Grandmas (Pleiades) bring food to the Kosars]: 36; Kale 1996 (Silesia) [the lower part of the Orion constellation - "kosok" (wide sickle)]: 213; Niebrzegowska 1999 [Orion Belt - Kosiarze ("mowers"); also Kosa, Kosy, Sierp]: 146; Kashubians [Orion's Belt and Sword - Kostsy and those who shovel hay]: Gulgowski 1910:24-25; Luzhitans [Orion's Belt - Kosa]: Karpenko 1992:194 (= Ruth 1987:34); Czechs [kosy]: Belova 2004b; Slovaks ["Kostsy"]: Potanin 1883:723; Western Ukrainians (Hutsuls) [Orion Belt - Mowers]: Kindl 2003:132; Ukrainians (Southwestern Ukraine): Znoyko 1989:49 [Chapel - "goat", Orion - "plow", Swan - "cross", Cassiopeia - "harrow", Ursa Major - "cart"], 212 [November 1, to Kuzma and Demyan, when Plough appears in the sky at ten o'clock in the evening and it is clearly visible, it was God's blacksmith who raised the constellation and began to forge the Golden Plough]; Grinchenko 1909 (southwestern Ukraine) [Orion-chepiga belt ("plow handle")]: 452 (quoted in Mladenova 2006) : 120); Ukrainians: Svyatsky 1961 [Cassiopeia - "Harrow"]: 123; Fedorovich 2009 [Suzir'ya Orion in the Russian cities of Ukraine may name, after land: Kosi, Kosari, Kosar, Kosariki, Kosariki, Kosariki, Rakes, Plough, Police (part of the plow), Chepigi, Chepiga. In Poltava region, Chepigami named only a part of Suzir Orion, as the number "5" was guessed. In other regions, Chepigami called Suzir Bliznyat. The earthy character to occupy the Ukrainian population of Vіdbivayut and Ukrainian folk name Suzir Cassiopeia - Borona ta Kosari]: 17; Yastrebov 1894 (Elisavetgrad and Alexandria y. Kherson governorate) [Constellations: Chepiga has the shape of a chepiga, a tip in a plow on which a share is put; the rocker consists of three stars, located near Chepiga; Volosozhar, otherwise Kvochka and with curls, Viz (Bolshaya Bear)]: 6; Belarusians: Avilin 2015:85-88 and 221-222 [three stars of the Orion Belt - kostsy; three sisters], 90 [Orion Belt - "Rake"]; Vaishkunas 2004 ["kostsy"]: 176; Pyatkevich 2004 [Orion - Kasar ( mower), near the village of Kholmech-Matavila (motovilo)]: 282; Sanko 2004b [Orion's Belt - Kasary, Kosar, Kosy, Kastsy; the same for Russians, Poles, Czechs, Slovaks]: 236; Ukrainians: Karpenko 1992 [Orion's Belt and Sword - Kosari, Kosar, Kosariki, Grabli]: 194; Kostomarov 1847 (Dnieper Region) [In the Orion constellation, farmers see a plow, a symbol of citizenship, which, according to ancient... concept, slept from the sky]: 54; Chubinsky 1872 (Podolsk Gubernia, Litinsky Uyezd) [the constellations have the following names: "voz {Ursa Major}, kvochka {Pleiades}, chepiga {Orion Belt}, mowers {Belt Orion}, the girl carries water {Orion Belt}, apiary {Pleiades}, cross {Swan?} , morning and evening zornitsy" {?}] : 14; Fedorovich 2009 [Suzir Orion at the Russian cities of Ukraine may name, after land use: Kosi, Kosari, Kosar, Kosar, Kosariki, Grable, Plough, Police (part of the plow), Chepigi, Chepiga. In Poltava region, Chepigami named only a part of Suzir Orion, as the number "5" was guessed. In other regions, Chepigami called Suzir Bliznyat. The earthy character to occupy the Ukrainian population vidbivayut and Ukrainian folk name Suzir Cassiopeia - Harrow and Kosari]: 17; Russians: Avilin 2015 [1) Orion Belt: Kosari. This is how the villagers call the head of the Milky Way. They think that the Milky Way's head is made up of four mowers. These mowers cut and chop everyone in the way; 2) Cassiopeia is "Kostsy": this heavenly sign means "to mow ripe bread" and reminds people that after the fall of their forefathers, everyone should get bread in the sweat of your face, and how to get and harvest bread is shown in this heavenly sign (Kurskaya)]: 87; Belova 2004b [Orion - grábli (Saratov., Vyat.), Grabeltsy (Vologodskaya), Kashchegov teeth (Yelabuzh. 'rake teeth')]; Dal 1881 [kichiga - threshed, replacing flail, flat-ended stick, especially for both flax bells |key, poker |three kings, elk, Orion (belt and sword) |constellation Bolshoi Bears with the North Star | (Simbirsk, Penza, Nizhny Novgorod) two stands from the cart frame for carrying sheaves or hay, the cart itself is designed this way]: 113; Karpenko 1992 [Orion's Belt and Sword - Rake, Grabeltsy, Kosari, Kosar, Kichigi or Kichiga (genus flail)]: 154; Ruth 1987 [Orion - Grabli (Saratov, southern Russia), Grabeltsy - Vologodskaya (=Ruth 2003)]: 20; Svyatsky 1961 (Ural, Solikamsk, Orenburg, Kungur, Kamchatka, Tobolsk, Chelyabinsk, Transbaikalia, Vyatskaya, Kostroma, Arkhangelskaya) [Orion-Kichigi (a hand tool like a flax roller, less often threshing bread; consists of a pole, thick and flat the lower end of which is bent); in the Yaroslavl region, the Orion Belt is "Koryaga"]: 122-123; Belarusians [Volopas - "Ploughman" (Fedorovsky's only)]: Avilin 2015:94; Russians (Don.; the only one evidence) [Ursa Major - Chipega (chapiga: "wooden plow skeleton", "plow cleaning device")]: Ruth 1987:40.
Caucasus - Asia Minor. Karachays: Dzhurtubayev 1991 [Little Bear - Myryt Zhulduzla (myryt - "coulter, share"); group of six stars in Libra and Virgo - Boyunsala ("yarmo")]: 136; 2007:363 [ The yoke constellation consists of three large and three small stars; named because the spaces between the stars in it resemble holes in a yoke; they are close to each other, the extreme star is pale; it she became like this after she was hit either by Toru Aigyr (Gnedoy Stallion) or by Sary Aygyr (Light Red Stallion)], 364 [the yoke constellation is constantly visible {i.e. it's definitely not Orion}]; Terek Cossacks (art. . Naurskaya) [Ursa Major is a "erandaka" (box) of carts; "other constellations for Naurans resemble "chapigi" (plow handles), sickle, cross, etc."]: Vostrikov 1907:4; Chechens [Orion-Duk-Duk- Dukartsis ("yoke and thorn"); the world lies on the yoke of two oxen; when oxen shake their heads, there is an earthquake]: Potanin 1919a: 85; Georgians (Kartli) [Volopas is an ox-drawn plow and driver; dog and wolf are probably a constellation of Hounds Dogs]: Jijelava et al. 2016.
Baltoscandia. Estonians [Orion - flail and rake]: Kuperjanov 2003:147, 165; Finns: Bonser 1928 [Orion belt - Väinämeinen sickle]: 346; Haavio 1952 [Orion Belt - Väinämõisen wikahdin (viikate and other variants) ("Väinemeinen sickle (spit)"; since 1784, but viikate itself is a borrowing from Germanic ones; also in Karelia and Ingria]: 221-222; Lithuanians: Andrew 1878 [ Orion - szenpjuwis (constellation associated with haymaking)]: 109; Vaiskunas 2004 ["reapers" (only the weak stars of the Sword of Orion)]: 176; Vaiškūnas 1999:167 ["kostsy"], 168 ["reapers"], 168 [cep i mł ochkarz]; Vaiskunas in Avilin 2015 ["The Ploughman with Oxen" is the name of an unidentified constellation]: 95; Prussians: Frischbier 1882:178 ["Those Who brought food" (to the mowers) - three stars in the Orion Belt], 276 [three the stars of the Orion Belt - "Kostsy"] (quoted in Ailin 2015:87).
Mongolia. Shirongoli ["anjyasy" is a plow, "hotu" is a star; the designation of Orion among lationgolans in San Chuan Anjyasi-hotu, near Bou Nani Anjeuson-hotun, in Tong Xiang Anjasy-hotu, near Woo-yan-bu Zhasi-fotu]: Potanin 1893:326.
Japan. Japanese [Orion is a plow (Bellatrix is a handle, Saif is a share, Rigel is a pole pulled by a plow; the image is known throughout Japan]: Barbaro 2016 (data from Nojiri Hōei. Nihon seimei jiten [Dictionary of Japanese Astronomers]. Tokyo: Tōkyo-dō shuppan, 1973).