I27C. The four-eyed dog .16.23.27.-.32.34.-.37.39.
Dogs with two spots above their eyes stand out and are commonly referred to as double or quadruple-eyed dogs.
Welsh, Ancient India (Rigveda), Macedonians, Bulgarians, Serbs, Russians (Vologda), Russians (conditionally southern), Ukrainians, Kalmyks, Zoroastrianism (Videvdat), Persians (written tradition), Uzbeks in Khorezm, Shugnans, Livs, Estonians, Chuvash, Komi, Khakas, Tuvans, Buryats, Northern and Southern Khanty, Dolgans, Central (and others?) Yakuts, Far Eastern Evenks (southern Yakutia), Nanai, Ulchi, Negidals, Manchus, Nivkhs, Forest Yukaghirs.
Western Europe. The Welsh [it is believed that a dog with spots above its eyes is able to see the devil]: Trevelyan 1909:80.
South Asia. Ancient India (Rigveda, Mandala X.14 "To the Pit") ["Go away, leave and creep away from here! /His fathers have prepared this refuge for him./The pit gives him a place of rest, /Decorated with days, waters, nights. /Hurry past two dogs, descendants of Sarama, /Four-eyed, spotted, on the right way/And reach easy to find dads/Who are having fun at a shared feast with Yama! /Your two dogs, O Yama, are watchmen, /Four-eyed, guarding the path, supervising people./Give it to them, O king, /And give him well-being and health! /Two life thieves, with broad nostrils, reddish (?) , /Two messengers of Yama, they roam among people"; comment by T.Y. Elizarenkova: "Sarama (sar á m ā) is Indra's dog, whose two sons serve as Yama's messengers. They are looking for people who are destined to die"]: Elizarenkova 1999:130, 424.
The Balkans. Macedonians: Vrazhinovski 1995 [four-eyed dogs see and scare vampires]: 117-118; Tolstoy 2004 [double-eyed dogs can recognize a vampire they scare away or bite; by Some Serbian beliefs believe that any dog and other pets can recognize a vampire]: 389-390; Bulgarians (Rhodopes) [four-eyed dogs (with white spots above their eyes) see with evil spirits in their hidden eyes]: Mareva 2003:252; Serbs [L.N. Vinogradova: Both Serbs and Bulgarians know about four-eye dogs. As for the Serbs, Nikolai Tolstoy, who was born in exile in Serbia and spent his childhood and youth there, recalled this. He remembers this motive from the Serbs. As for Bulgarians, this motive (not mass, but sporadic) is described in Marinov's two-volume book and in Kazamir Moshinsky's fundamental work "Kultura ludowa slowian" by T. II. Part 1]: E.E. Levkievskaya, personal report on April 22, 2012.
Central Europe. Russians (Vologda) [from the manuscript by E. Balova "Superstitious signs and beliefs of the Russian people, more seen in Yarensky and other districts of the Vologda Province" (1852): "if a dog has yellow with black spots above its eyes, then this dog the demon sees (called "two-eyed"): such dogs are the most capable of hunting"]: Zelenin 1914, No. 75:260; Russians {provinces are not specified, conditionally southern} [Russians have a double-eyed dog black, with two white spots above the eyes]: Miller in Litvinsky, Sedov 1984:164; Tolstoy 2004 [double-eyed dogs are those with bright goblin spots above their eyes]: 389; Ukrainians [dogs- double eyes can recognize a witch]: Tolstoy 2004:389.
Caucasus - Asia Minor. Kalmyks [a four-eyed dog named Hasr is a guide to the underworld]: Bakayeva 2009:31.
Iran - Central Asia. Zoroastrianism [Videvdat (Fragard 8:14-19): "O Creator of the carnal world, righteous! If dead dogs and dead people are carried along the way, should small or large cattle, men or women, fire, son of Akhur-Mazda, or a truly outstretched barsman follow that path?" And Akhura-Mazda said: "Neither small cattle, nor large cattle, nor men, nor women, nor fire, son of Akhur-Mazda, nor barsman, truly outstretched, should follow this path. Let the yellow four-eyed dog, the white yellow-eared dog three times be led along this path. And with the passage, about Spitam-Zaratushtra, a yellow four-eyed, white yellow-eared dog, Druhsh-Ya-Nasu flies north. If not, again, oh Spitama-Zaratushtra, the dog is yellow four-eyed, no, a white yellow-eared dog, then let them lead you along this path six times. And with the passage, about Spitam-Zaratushtra, a yellow four-eyed, white yellow-eared dog, Druhsh-Ya-Nasu flies north. If not, again about Spitama-Zaratushtra, the dog is yellow four-eyed, no, a white yellow-eared dog, let them lead this way nine times. And with the passage, about Spitam-Zaratushtra, a yellow four-eyed, white yellow-eared dog, Druhsh-Ya-Nasu flies north. No, again, oh Spitam-Zaratushtra, the dog is yellow four-eyed, no - the white yellow-eared [and] priest are the first to walk along this path, and may he say victorious words"; Vladimir Kryukova's comment: "Cf.: The Vedic dogs of the Indian god of death Yama are "broad-nosed, four-eyed, spotted." In the Rigveda, these dogs search for people who are destined to die and deliver them to Yama. When possible, Zoroastrians use white dogs (Zoroastrian color) with dark spots above their eyes to perform rituals. "Four-eyed" implies the ability of dogs to see death itself, which is the reason for the sagdid ritual (novopers. 'dog look', 'dog examination'), when the dog looks at Druhsh-ya-Nasu from his dead body"]: Khismatulin, Kryukova 1997:237-238; Persians (written tradition) ["Decoration News" Abu Sa'id Abd al-Khaya b. Zahhak Gardizi, written during the reign of Sultan Abd al-Rashid of Ghaznavid (1050-1053): "The reason for the Kyrgyz to unite under the authority of their chief was as follows. He was of Slavic descent and one of the Slavic nobles; when he lived in the country of the Slavs, an ambassador from Rum arrived there; this man killed that ambassador. The reason for the murder was that the Rumians descended from Shem, the son of Noah, and the Slavs from Japheth. Their name is associated with the word sag ('dog') because they were fed dog milk. It was like this: when they took ant eggs for Japheth, the ant prayed that the Almighty would not let Japheth enjoy his son. When Japheth had a son, he was given the name Emka; both his eyes were blind. The dog had four eyes at the time. Japhet had a dog that felt at the time; Japhet killed a puppy; Japhet's son sucked the dog's milk until the age of four, held on to its ear, and walked like blind people walk. When the dog brought her second puppy, she left her son Japheth and thanked God for getting rid of him. The next day, it turned out that two eyes of the dog passed to this child and two eyes were left to the dog; traces of this were still on the dog's face; for this reason they are called Saclabs (Slavs)"]: Barthold 1973:46; Khorezm Uzbeks [dogs with two spots above their eyes are considered particularly unclean; the dog was generally considered unclean, but in some cases the opposite opinion]: Snesarev 1969:319; Shugnans (Shugnan, Roshtkala, Afghanistan) ["four-eyed" dogs are angrier, more cunning and voracious than others, can sneak from behind, can bark and growl at the same time; an evil and cunning person likened to such a dog]: Yusufbekov 2009.
Baltoscandia. Livy [a woman's four-eyed dog started barking in the evening; at night, a deceased person from the same village came to her in a dream, scolding her for not holding a dog]: Loorits 1998 (2): 33; Estonians ["Only A four-eyed dog (nelisilm) - that is, one with spots above its eyes - can see the devil"]: Grimm 2019 (2): 158.
Volga - Perm. Chuvash [four-eyed dogs, that is, with two spots above their eyes, have ties with mustaches, so they are driven away from their homes and avoided outside; but they can drive away evil spirits, because they see them]: Salmin 2007:128; Komi-Zyryans [dogs with pronounced superstitial arches are called four-eyed; they see spirits]: Nalimov 1907:18.
Southern Siberia - Mongolia. Khakas [dogs with spots under the eyes (four-eyed, "tört harah") were not kept on chains; according to Mahmud Gardizi (10th century AD), the founder of the Kyrgyz was fed dog milk; " At that time, the dog had four eyes... two of the dog's eyes passed to this child and two eyes remained for the dog:... traces of this still remain on the dog's face"]: Butanayev 2003:63; Tuvans: Potapov 1969 [On the last day of every lunar month and the first day of the next, there is no visible moon in the sky; these days only a black dog with white arcs above its eyebrows and a ash spot on its chest can see the moon, as if she has a white heart; on the first day of the new lunar month, she can also be seen by a sheep with pure white hair]: 291; Seren 1915 (Mongolia, Lake District. Khubsugul) [In the traditional culture of Tuvans, a four-eyed dog, i.e. one with spots above the eyes, occupies a special place. When she sees death, she starts to bark and howl, so when a dog howls, death is walking somewhere. This is a sign of the dog's owner's death. Tuvans of Somon Tsagaan-Nuur believe that a four-eyed dog does not allow evil spirits, devils to enter their homes]: 154; the Buryats [the boholdoy (spirit of the deceased) do not see; he is available the eyes of hypersensitive people, in particular shamans; dogs, especially "four-eyed" ones, can also see it]: Galdanova 1987:53; the Oirats [a black dog with red tan marks, with With a white spot on its chest, with spots above its eyes, the so-called "four-eyed" dog; it has the ability to see the invisible]: Erdenebold 2012:58.
Western Siberia. Northern and Southern Khanty [looking between the legs or ears of a dog with spots above his eyes, the hunt can see forest spirits]: Gondatti 1988:34 (northern), Patkanov 1891 (southern), Karjalainen 1996:209, Patkanov 1897-1900 (southern) in Ulyashev 2011:237.
Eastern Siberia. Dolgans [the dog with white spots above its eyes was called the "four-eyed" and was considered to drive away evil spirits; when it barked in its sleep, it warned its owners of an impending wolf attack for deer]: Popov 1958:82; Yakuts (at least central ones) [a dog with white spots above the eyes is called a "four-eyed" (tuort harakhtaah yt)]: Ergis 1967a:154; Far Eastern Evenks (south of Yakutia, the group is not a decree.) ["The four-eye dog sees through and through"]: Romanova, Myreeva 1971, No. 4:322.
Amur - Sakhalin. Nanais, Negidals, Ulchi: Samar 2009 [a dog with black color and light eyebrows has the ability to distinguish and communicate with evil spirits; it has "two pairs" of eyes - eyebrows were the second and it was these "eyes" that were endowed with a magical function; such a dog was named Ancha among the Nanai and Ulchi, Anchayin among the Supreme Negidals, Ethan among the Lower Negidals; with the help of such a dog can be recognized as an evil spirit; to do this, they look between its ears when it is alert]: 72, 74; 2010 [the Nanai gave a black dog with yellow eyebrows special properties, considering flies above the eyes with the second pair of eyes; the image of a "four-eyed" dog is also in the beliefs of the Negidals and Ulchi; according to the stories of the Naikha Nanai N.P. Belda, this was his dog named Buket; once in the taiga, Buket suddenly bristled, began to growl at the tree in front; Beldy, remembering the shaman's mother's stories about actions in such situations, looked between the dog's ears and saw him laughing an old man pointing his finger at him; Beldy identified him as an evil spirit and shot him with a gun; looking again between the dog's ears, he saw nothing; in such a situation, it helps to identify Ethan dog evil spirits; to see an evil spirit, you need to look between her ears (IIAE FEB RAS Archive. F. 1. Op. 2. D. 446. L. 91)]: 92-93; Manchus [durbe is "a four-eyed dog with one yellow or white spot above its eyes" (from durbambi - "I tremble with fear, fear, everyone is frightened tremble")]: Zakharov 1875:838; nivkhs [in calm weather, people see a birch bark rolling circle followed by a dog with white spots above its eyebrows; there was a camp at this place, everyone died of illness; a birch bark circle and a dog with white spots above the eyebrows are the souls of the dead]: Bereznitsky 2005, No. 143:517.
SV Asia. Forest Yukaghirs [a two-faced man is said to look like a four-eyed dog; dogs with two white or black spots above their eyes are called four-eyed; they see things that are not ordinary dogs see (danger from malicious creatures, diseases, spirits, etc.); they say: "Like a four-eyed dog, he looks at the ibidia road, but walks on the ibidia road, he sees everything - where, where, what will come from"]: Nikolaeva et al. 1989 (2): 59, 82.