I37F. Mushrooms are ears.

.15.16.20.21.24.-.26.28.37.40.41.46.48.49.52.61.63.68.71.

Mushrooms are called "ears".

Spaniards, Catalans, Sicilians, French, British, Dutch, Seimat, Manus and adjacent islands, Malaita, Fiji, Chamorro, Voleai, Truk, Puluwat, Ponape, Marshall Islands, Islands Gilbert (Kiribati), Palau, Rotuma, Rarotonga, Maori, Takuu, Bellona, Rennell, Emae, Tahiti, Tuamotu, Tubuai, Mangarewa, Kachin, Nias, Bantik, Malays, Tae, Vetar, Tsow, Ifugao, Isneg, Negrito Lusona, Chinese , Russians (Olonetskaya), Nivkhs, Asian Eskimos, St. Lawrence, Koyukon, Tanaina, Western Mono, Northern Payute, Huastec, Itza, Mopan, Tseltal, Tocholabal, Mocho, Napo, Shuar, Munduruku, Rickbacza, Botocudo.

Southern Europe. Spaniards, Catalans [Oreja (orella) de Judas (Judas ears) is an edible, including raw, brownish woody mushroom that grows from late winter to late autumn on deciduous branches , mostly elderberries (saúco)]: Leoni, Ferreri 2004:78-79; Sicilians: Calvino 1980, No. 181 [two women steal cabbage from an old woman's garden; she leaves a dog, then a cat, a rooster to guard ; women give bread to the dog, a piece of lung to the cat, and a grain to the rooster; then the old woman dug a hole and lay down in it, throwing earth at herself so that only an ear remained on the surface; one of the women mistook her ear for a mushroom, began to pull, the old woman jumped up and grabbed her; the woman asked her to let her go, for this she would give the old woman the child she should have when she was 16 years old; the woman gave birth to a daughter; she grew up, went buy butter; gave the girl a fig: tell her mother, let her remember her promise; the woman burst into tears; and the next day the old woman took the girl to her place, put her in a chicken coop, began to fatten; everyone once she tells me to show her finger, but the girl shows a mouse tail; the old woman is tired of waiting, she told her to heat the stove, put bread in it; the girl said she could not, the old woman began to show; the girl pushed the old woman into the oven and returned home]: 650-653; Gonzenbach 2004a [1870], No. 7 [seven pregnant women steal yuyuba in the witch's garden; she hides, one notices her ear, takes it for a mushroom, the witch grabs one of the women; lets go for promising to give her a child in 7 years; Angiola is born; a witch asks her to remind her mother of the agreement; mother advises her to answer that she forgot to remind her; so many times; witch A. injured her finger, her mother had to send her daughter; the witch loves A., keeps A. in the tower without entering; when she comes up, asks to lower her braids to climb them; the prince sees this, calls A. in the same words climbs to her; they give food to all the items in the room, forget the broom; they run, taking three magic balls and a dog; the broom tells the witch what happened; the witch chases, A. throws balls, they turn into a mountain of soap, a mountain of nails, a river; the witch stops persecuting, orders A.'s face to become a dog; the prince puts A. in a forest hut, occasionally visits; the dog promises to restore A. beauty; comes to the witch, caresses, she agrees to give a bottle of water; after washing, A. becomes more beautiful than before; wedding]: 47-51.

Western Europe. The French [oreilles de chat 'mushroom (variety) '(letters. 'cat ears')], English [Jew's ear 'mushroom (variety) '; available as Auricularia auricula -judae; the name is inaccurate tracing paper with medieval Latin auricula Judae 'Judae'], Dutch [muizenoortjes 'mushroom (variety) '(letters. 'mouse ears')]: Blust 2000b: 688 (referring to Heyne 1927:52).

Melanesia. Mondropolon (West Manus) [Canni key (ear-tree)], Seimat (Ninigo and Kaniet Islands in the Western Islands, Bismarck Archipelago) [taxing i paxi (ear-spirit) 'ghost ear; ear of ancestral spirit'], Nauna (Nauna Island as part of the Admiralty Islands) [taling 'ear', taling -ling 'mushroom'], kwaio (Malaita) [ alinga -na (with obligatory 3sg possessive pronoun) 'ear', alinga 'mushroom'], Sa'a (South Malaita) [alinge 'ear; large fungi, some edible, growing on logs']: Blust 2000b: 688-689, 694-697; Fiji [dalinga ni kalou (ear of spirit/ghost) 'ghost ear']: Blust 2000b: 694

Micronesia-Polynesia. Chamorro [talanga - n hayu (ear-of tree); talanga - n hulu (ear-of thunder) 'thunder ears'], Voleai (and Voleai speakers from other Caroline Islands?) [talinge-li-pach (ear-of-thunder) 'thunder ears'], Truk [seninge-n soomá (ear-of-spirit/ghost) 'any of a large number of fungi' (lit. 'ghost ear')], Puluwat [hálingá-n hoomá (ear-ghost) 'tree fungus, mushroom' (lit. 'ghost ear'); hoomá 'bad ghosts of the dead; malevolent spirit (feared, as they are believed to devour humans) '], Ponape [saleng en eni (ear-ghost) 'ghost ear'], Marshall Islands [lojilnin kijdik (ear of rat)], Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) [taninga ni ba (ear of thunder) 'thunder ears'], Palau [chalanga-en-ani - species mushroom, letters. 'Devil's ear']: Christian 1899:329, Rotuma [faliang ne 'atua (ear of ghost) 'ghost ear'; "since falinga belongs to the native lexical stratum in Rotuman, and ' atua is a Polynesian loan (Biggs 1965), the collocation faliang ne 'atua evidently is a relatively recent formation"]: Blust 2000b: 694-695; Rarotonga [taringa kiore (ear-rat)] , Tuamotu [taringa kiōre (ear-rat)], Maori [taringa rākau (ear-tree)]: Blust 2000b: 688-689, 694-697; Takuu, Bellona, Rennell, Emae (native speakers of external Polynesian languages) ["spirit ears"]: A.I. Davletshin, personal report, 12/18/2018; Tahiti [the edible taria-'iore mushroom ("rat ears") originated from rat ears]: Henry 1928: 421; Tahiti, Tuamotu (Takaroa and Takapoto atolls, comprising King George Islands, Napuka, Fangatau, Makemo, Anaa, Tatakoto, Amanu, Reao and Tureia atolls), Tubuai (Rurutu and Raivawae Islands), Mangareva [tariƒa kiore, tari'a 'iore, tagi'a 'iore 'mushroom' (letters. 'rat ears')]: Charpentier, François 2015:2440, carte 10.4.10-1.

Tibet is the Northeast of India. Kachin [Janun is dead, his breath turned into wind, his hair and beard - silk, his eyes, nose, teeth - precious stones, his brain - silver mines in China and Kalas, his skull - Shan and Chinese drums, ears - mushrooms, breasts - bananas and other fruits, heart and entrails - rubies, skin and stomach - thickets where Chinese and Kalas live, hands are their guns and cannons, Kalas's spine is a huge gun; etc.] : Gilhodes 1908:886-887.

Malaysia-Indonesia. Nias [talinga oro (ear-spirit) 'ghost ear']: Blust 2000b: 694; bow (Grontalo) [bulo a lo lati 'Hydrophora mushroom punicea Fr. ' (lit. 'ear (of) demon']: Tryon 1995:267; Malays [chendawan telinga tikus (mushroom-ear-rat)], tae (south Sulawesi, close to Toraj) [talinga balao (ear-rat) )], Vetar (erai, west coast of the island) [aikinin (tree-ear)]: Blust 2000b: 688-689, 694; kedang [ruha tilun 'mushroom' (letters. 'deer ear')]: Samely, Barnes 2013:577.

Taiwan - Philippines. Tsoo [the original meaning of koyu 'ear'. By association with the ear, the same word is called "mushroom", for example, in the word konopoepe (i.e. koyu-no-poepe) 'wind ear', meaning one type of mushroom, namely cortinellus shiitake]: Nevsky 1935:75-76; pazeh [saringa 'ear; wood-ear fungus'], puyuma [Tangila 'ear', Tangila - Ngila - yan 'Jew's ear: Auricularia auricula - judae '], ivatan (itbayat) [tali ñ a 'outer ear, earlobe, auricle; edible tree fungus: Auricularia auricula - judae L. '; tali ñ a nu kayuh (ear-of-tree) 'tree ear'], bontok [k ó leng si ó tot (ear-rat)], isneg [talinga dan á g (ear-spirit) 'ghost ear'; dan á g - thin and mud-covered spirits that live on trees and can cause fever or deafness to humans], kankanai [inga - n di k á iw (ear-of-tree)], tagals [tainga - ng dag á' (ear-lig-rat)], mangian [talingab á tang (ear-log)]: Blust 2000b: 688-689, 694; ifugao [God Hinumbian and his wife Dajaue have a daughter Bugan; refuses heavenly suitors, descends to earth, marries poor Kinggauan; gives birth to a son Balituk; only brought with rice and meat in the sky, does not want vegetables; she is not loved, her house is covered with vegetables and fish; she can't stand the smell, she offers to divide her son; the bottom takes her to heaven, this part turns into a living boy; the top and the entrails remain on the ground for his father, begin to decompose; B. goes down to find out where the stench comes from; turns his head into an owl, his ears into a tree mushroom, his nose into the shell of a snail living on trees, part excrement - ido bird's beak, tongue - pipun in people's tongue, heart - rainbow, chest bones - poisonous snake, fingers - long shells, hair - worms, larvae, skin - red bird, blood - small bats, liver - breast disease, intestines - animals like hares or rats, hand bones - rotten branches falling on passers-by]: Beyer 1913 in Eugenio 1994, No. 10:33-37 (episode "mushroom ears" on p.36), in Macdonald 2005:85-87; Negrito Luzon (Pinatubo neighborhood) ["The non-edible mushrooms and ear-fungi are invariably called kuw á t - an í to, that is, the "mushrooms and ear-fungi of the spirits"]: Blust 2000b: 695 (citing Fox 1952:232).

China - Korea. Chinese: Blust 2000b [mu er (guanhua) 'wood mushroom (variety) ', letters. 'tree ear']: 688; Riftin, personal report. 2003 [one type of mushroom is called "silver ears"].

Central Europe. Russians (Olonetskaya) ["Indian Ear" is an ugly mushroom]: Kolosov 1876:50.

Amur - Sakhalin. Nivhi [nivhi did not eat pork before, because pigs eat mushrooms; nivhi mushrooms did not eat either; a mushroom is a penis trait that he stuck out of the ground; a mushroom is also a kinsh nose, i.e. "damn ears"]: Bereznitsky 2003, No. 34:132.

The Arctic. Eskimos Fr. Wrangel (relocated from Providence and Cape Whelen) [when the Eskimos came to the trading post, they liked our food, with the exception of mushrooms (dry ones), which they called "damn ears"]: Vlasova 1935:62; Asian Eskimos: Yamin-Pasternak 2007:124 (Sireniki) [mushroom - "devil's ear", "damn stick", "shamanic helper spirit ear"], 125 (Chaplino) [mushroom - sigutmeketaq; sigut - "ear" + suffix, disgusting; mushrooms cause fear and disgust, you can't touch them with your hands, you'll get a skin disease]; St. Lawrence [mushroom - tuunranciutii, "spirit ears or trait"]: Jacobson 1984:380.

Subarctic. Koyukon: Attla 1989 [people go to the lake to hunt ducks, go missing; The raven makes a boat out of resin, fills the basket with tree mushrooms, turning them into human ears; there is an ogre on the lake, Seeing the basket of ears, he believes that the Raven is of his breed, agrees to swap boats; the Raven offers to throw his spears, throws his further, invites the ogre to go forward, stabs his spear in the back, that runs away; the raven comes to the ogre's mother, kills her, puts on her clothes; the ogre's daughter comes with the news that her father is sick; an imaginary old woman advises to put a noose around his neck; suffocates to death, runs away; the lake becomes safe]: 135-145; Nelson 1983 [koyukon never eat mushrooms; they are called mouse food, earth ears; shaggy mane: Raven's spear, smoke: crow tobacco, crow bag; the tree mushroom on the birch tree consisted of fat; the raven first placed it on all the trees for people to eat, but then decided that this would stop working; sprayed it with his urine, he became stiff]: 56; tanaina (Upper Inlet) [the word for terrestrial mushrooms includes the element jil'u ("ear"); one of the mushrooms is called ears touch against something; most tanine groups Outer Inlet and Inland replied that mushrooms were eaten in the past, but Upper Inlet and Iliamna did not]: Russel Karl 1977:180.

Plains. Dakota (the band is not listed, but the preface mentions "the Teton Dacota", so most likely teton) [with ha ⁿ na ⁿ kpa 'mushroom ( variety) '(letters. 'wood ears'); this refers to the multicolored trametes, Polystictus versicolor L., which was eaten cooked]: Gilmore 1919:62.

California. Western mono [naqa 'ear; type of mushroom (shaped like an ear) (Unidentified genus) ']: Bethel et al. 1993:92 (the material was identified and provided by M.A. Zhivlov).

Big Pool. Fort McDermitt [nmnaka 'mushroom; someone's ears']: Liljeblad et al. 2012 302 (material identified and provided by M.A. Zhivlov); [word n mnaka, like the mono naqa recorded in Western mono, goes back to Prayuto-Astek * nanka 'ear']: M.A. Zhivlov, personal report, 01.02.2020.

Mesoamerica Huasteci [xikinte7: "tree ear" ('tree-ear')], itza [xikinche7: 'mushroom (variety) '], mopan [xikin che7:' mushroom '], tseltal [chikin=te7:' mushroom '], mocho (tusantec) [chikin=te:7' mushroom ']: aufman , Justeson 2003 [chikin=te7 - "tree ear"]: 1167 (Davletshin 2004, personal message [MOP xikin che7: this refers to an edible mushroom; tocholabal also has a motive]; tsotsil [motive known], tocholabal [chikintaj 'wood mushroom (variety) '(letters. 'pine ear')], Nahuatl [common ASTEC word* nanakatl 'mushroom' comes from Proto-Yuto-Astek 'ear']: A.I. Davletshin, personal communication, 12/18/2018.

Western Amazon. Napo [tree mushrooms are character ears]: Foletti Castegnaro 1985, No. 1e [the twins have taken to heaven, play with lightning bolts; the younger Cuillur shoots further; the Master of Thunder shot him in anger, he fell to the ground, disappeared; Duciru looked for him for a long time, began to tear mushrooms from the roots of trees, K. screamed, ah-ah; this mushroom was Oreja-de-Cuillur ("Kuilyur's ear"); D. pulled it out of the tree; brothers took to heaven to become Morning and Evening Stars]: 71; Mercier 1979 [jaguar mother trapped under a pile of firewood]: 32 [the ears of a character protruding inside a tree]; shuar [husband crushed a fallen tree; the widow has a little daughter, gave birth to a baby; she hears the voice of an Owl, says, If you are my husband's spirit, bring firewood; in the evening a skeleton came, brought a pile of bones, offered his wife lie down with him; she told the girl to pretend she had diarrhea; her husband's spirit began to wonder what taboo he had broken (did he eat the wrong mushrooms, the wrong fruit, the meat of the wrong birds?) , since the daughter had a stomachache (all diseases from breaking the taboo); took the baby, scratched it; the woman left the burning smut responsible for her, ran away with her daughter to her parents; they hid them in a basket under the roof , they put ash and pepper in their hands; the husband's spirit was tired of waiting, put the baby's head in boiling water, chased his wife; on the way he dressed up and joined the dancers (at this time, the manufacturing festival sloth tans; from this spirit people learned songs); poked into his wife, who threw ash at him, he ran out, died; shuar now makes their own on the model of his jewelry; in the morning they found a dead owl at this place; her the head is covered with moss, and wood mushrooms, "tree ears", stick out of the ears; since then it has been known that owls (buhos) are the souls of deceased relatives]: Pelizzaro 1993:233-234.

Central Amazon. Munduruku [Karusakaibo's son is killed by wild pigs; father hears his voice, sees two trees; carves a doll, but she has only ears from a person - orehla de pau wood mushrooms; K. does a new doll, she turns into a handsome boy; he hides him at home from women under the supervision of an old woman; one woman penetrates a boy, copulates with him; his penis remains tight; the same repeats the next day; K. turns his son into Aniokaiche's tapir; he runs away to the forest, copulates with all women; one person sees it; men send women to the garden, send women to the garden, send them comrade, putting pumpkin breasts on him; A. comes out, killed with arrows; a little boy tells his mother that the women's lover has been eaten; she runs to call A., only the Battleship comes out to copulate with her; while men hunt, women paint, jump into the river, turn into fish; three old women turn into caimans and crabs; young children become birds; the man left in the village becomes Jacques's bird; men they catch new wives from the river; see motive F7]: Kruse 1952, No. 8:992-994; Murphy 1958, No. 2:73-76.

Southern Amazon. Rickbacza [orehla-de-pau mushrooms: Polyporus sanguineus]: Pereira 1994:295.

SE Brazil. Botokudo [mushrooms - Txón-guêmi, same as orehla-de-pau, "tree ears"]: Krenak 2003.