K56E. Two hunchbacks, ATU 503.
(.12.) .14.-.17.21.23.26.-.32.34.38.
Two people have the same bodily defect (lump, hump). The first one is in the place where the perfume is collected, they save him from the defect. The second one comes to the spirits, they double its defect by giving back what they took from the first person. (Uther 2004 mentions Kasevich, Osipov 1976, No. 171; the text of the Karen is published there and it does not meet the definition of the motive).
(Serer), Kabiles, Arabs of Algeria, Egypt, Spaniards, Catalans, Basques, Portuguese, Galicians, Aragon, Italians (Lombardy, Tuscany, Basilicata), Sicilians, Bretons, Scots, Irish, British, French, Walloons, Bretons, Dutch, Frisians, Germans (Schleswig-Holstein, Oldenburg, Austria), Arabs of Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Tibetans, Nepalis, Chinese, Koreans, Lisu, Ancient Greece, Greeks, Hungarians, Bulgarians, Slovenes, Czechs, Poles, Turks, Persians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Finns, Faroese, Swedes, Western Sami, Chuvash, Nogai Karagashi, Bashkirs, Hamnigans (Iroans), Japanese.
(Wed. West Africa. Serer [the girl loved to dance so much that she immediately went to where the sound of tamtams could be heard; heard it late at night and went despite her mother's warning; came to the dancers, they were all in white, they're dead; one woman asked to hold her child, it's a hump; the girl came back hunchback; the next full moon went again, hoping to hand over the hump to someone else in the same way, but only got the second one; drowned in the sea, and the humps turned into two islands]: N'diaye 2007:17-20).
North Africa. Kabila [one brother is hunchback, the other has dropsy; the hunchback was in the étuve du hammam maure), heard the genies sing "Thursday, Friday, Saturday"; began singing along: "Thursday is couscous ( meat dish), Friday is not enough, Saturday is turnip"; the genies decided to reward his charming voice, removed his hump; another brother asked him to tell me how he got rid of his hump; the former hunchback agreed do it for a hundred stupid; he went there with dropsy, but began singing "milk - Thursday, Friday, Saturday"; he did not like his song, he was added a hump removed from his brother; he told his neighbors he had bought Brother's hump for a hundred stupid]: Arezki 2010:144-146; Algerian Arabs [the hunchback gets to the singing fairies, they take his hump; another hunchback also comes there, but gets a second hump they took from him first]: El-Shamy 2004, No. 503:253; Arabs of Egypt [in Cairo the story was recorded ca. 1400]: Liungman 1961, No. 503:120.
Southern Europe. The Spaniards [the hunchback came to the mill, where the witches sing: Monday and Tuesday, Wednesday three, Thursday and Friday, Saturday six (Lunes y martes, miércoles tres. Jueves y viernes, sábado seis..); hunchback: And Sunday is seven; witches: for this you have to take his hump; when he found out, another hunchback went to the mill; sang along in the same way, but the witches glued it to him the second hump taken from the first one; people laughed at it]: Camarena, Chevallier 1995, No. 503:382-383; Catalans (including Ibisa and Mallorca) [the hunchback comes to the witch's gathering and they take it hump; he tells this to another hunchback who also goes to the witches but only gets a second hump - the one that the witches took from the first man]: Oriol, Pujol 2008, no. 503:107; Portuguese : Braga 2002 []: 297-298; Cardigos 2006, No. 503 [a tramp or hunchback goes to witches or fairies, dances there with them; they take his hump and give him gold (a magic tablecloth); he talks the other has his own story, but inaccurate or incomplete; he gets a second hump (he gets coals, not gold, or gets nothing)]: 118-119; Galicians [lived two people, each had a bump (marrá); one night I saw witches dancing and saying: Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday - three; the person added: Thursday, Friday and Saturday - six; the witches liked it and took it from him a bump; another man went to the same place; when he said "Thursday, Friday and Saturday," the witches did not respond; he decided to add: "Sunday and Monday are eight"; after that, the witches were not taken his bump, and they planted a second one, which was taken from the first man]: Contos 1972, No. 101:102; the Basques [the hunchback asked the old witch to take him to the coven; she warned that when they would begin to list days of the week, you can't say "Sunday"; but he said; for this, his hump was removed; another hunchback also went to the coven, did the same thing, but he was given the first hump]: Cerquand 1876, No. 25:17-18; Aragon [the hunchback sings along with the witches, grateful witches take his hump; "Lunes y martes y miércoiles, tres", "Jueves y viernes y sábado seis"; another person hopes to get too reward, sings along with "Y domingo siete"; when they hear about Sunday, furious witches stick the first man's hump to him]: González Sanz 1996, No. 503:84-85; Italians (Tuscany: Florence) : Calvino 1980, No. 90 [about Crane]: 332-334; Crane 1885, No. 27 [two poor hunchbacks live in Parma; one goes on a journey; someone at the market yells "Eat Parmesan"; the hunchback thinks they are going to eat it; he hides in the yard; at 1 am you can hear a noise, the voices "Saturday and Sunday"; "And Monday," adds the hunchback; the spirits are so happy that he made their song more harmonious that they remove him hump; another hunchback comes to the same place, picks up "And Tuesday"; spirits say he ruined their song, puts a hump in front of him, which was removed from his friend; =Kotrelev 1991:183-184]: 102- 104; Italians (Lombardy, Tuscany, Basilicata): Cerise, Serafini 1975, No. 503:113; Italians (but possibly Sicily or Corsica; no place of recording) [the shoemaker has 14 children but he always cheerful; found himself in the forest at night, met a tiny fairy; sings and promises to make shoes that the one who wears will dance; makes them to the fairy from leaves; for this she took off his coffin; angry humpback old woman came to the fairy and ruthlessly demanded that her hump be removed; but only got the second one]: Ilyin, Kazakova 1960:104-107; Sicilians [apparently Pitré 1875; the humpback shoemaker spent the night in an empty house; at midnight with Four men fell down on the ceiling and began to sing: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday"; the shoemaker began to sing along, the spirits liked it, they took his hump and hung it on the wall; when they found out about it , a humpback woman came to this house, but did not like her singing and the perfume added her hump, which was taken from the shoemaker]: Clouston 1887 (1): 368-369.
Western Europe. The Bretons [hunchback Nonnick hears gnomes singing a song about the days of the week while stopping on Thursday; adds Friday and Saturday, grateful gnomes take his hump; his neighbor, the hunchback Gabik comes to gnomes, adds about Sunday, but not in rhyme; gnomes put a second hump on his back, which they took from N.]: Luzel 1887 (2): 251-256 (translated to Lopyreva 1959, No. 36:154-157, in Luzel 1995: 139-142; also a text on a similar story from Lower Brittany in Delarue, Tenèze 1964, No. 503:228-229); the French [returning from the holiday, the humpback musician fell asleep in a deserted place and woke up in midnight; spirits gathered around; he began to play with them, they danced, asked him how to thank him; he offered to pick up his hump; the humpback neighbor went to the same place, but he could not play and disappointed spirits they gave him a second hump, which they took from the musician]: Clouston 1887 (1): 352-353; Walloons: Carnoy 1883 (Picardy) [two hunchbacks worked on the farm; the owner sent one to the city to take the money to the landowner; there he was regaled, and he sang and went back at midnight; to suppress his fear, the hunchback began to sing along the way; dwarfs ran to sing in the forest; they asked them to dance with them; then they began to sing "Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday and that's it"; the hunchback recalled Sunday; dwarfs: they are now free and saved; at one time they violated God's prohibition to work in Sunday, because they chased a deer for three days and only killed on Sunday; they forgot the name of this day and will be saved when a mortal reminds them of him; as a reward, they took away a person's hump and everyone gave him something of value; another hunchback named Pierre decided to repeat it; but the dwarfs did not like his song; and when it came to the days of the week, they missed Saturday, and he could not understand what day missed and then mixed it up altogether; dwarfs: now we won't remember how to do it right for a thousand years; they added him a second hump, taken from the other and made him dance until sunrise; he was barely found alive]: 18-37; Harou 1894 (Belgian Luxembourg) [the hunchback wandered into the clearing and saw witches singing; they liked him and took his hump; another hunchback went there, but the witches were indignant that he was prevents them from singing, added a second hump to him]: 285; Laport 1932, No. 503 [the hunchback sees dwarfs dancing and dancing with them; they like the way he sings along; dwarfs: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday; hunchback: Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday; Saturday, Sunday, Monday; dwarfs: Sunday, Monday; hunchback: Sunday, Monday, Tuesday; dwarfs turn into beautiful fairies and take his hump; another the hunchback goes to the same place; sings badly or names the days of the week differently from what the dwarfs like (Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday; Sunday, Monday, Wednesday); dwarfs add the one they took to his hump the first hunchback]: 59; (cf. Carnoy 1883 (Picardy) [dwarfs (lutens) could have become human but were punished for something; to be saved, they must remember the days of the week or the chorus of a song; if a mortal helps them do so, they achieved eternal bliss; the village violinist returned from the festival through the forest; the moon was shining; walking he sang a song; suddenly a huge wolf followed him; the violinist began to give him pieces of cake, but a pie soon ended; the violinist decided to play for the last time; the wolf followed him dancing; then thousands of dwarfs came out to the sound of the violin and began to listen; then began to dance; one sat on horseback the wolf and they fell together; the wolf fell, dying of fatigue, he was thrown into the bushes; the dwarf king Ding Dong stopped the festival: dawn is coming, it's time to disappear, and the violinist must be rewarded; each of him did he give: gold, diamonds, jewelry, useful advice; and DD gave a violin that a person could not make; the violinist got rich]: 9-18); Scots [on the island of Iona, a humpback young man Faha climbed the mountain away from people; the moon rose, he saw the dwarf dancing and singing along, "Monday, Tuesday"; F. sang along with "Wednesday"; this word fit the rhythm well, grateful gnomes removed F.'s hump; Upon learning of this, the greedy hunchback Hugh, who lived on Tyree Island, also went to the dwarves in the evening; when they sang "Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday," Hugh added "Thursday"; but the word did not fit, the gnomes became angry and added a second hump to him]: Loseva et al. 1959:74-78; Irish: Jackson 1936 [dwarfs and hunchback: "Monday, Tuesday, Monday, Tuesday"]: 287; Plénard 2017 [the hunchback passes the places from which the voices of the elves are heard; their queen sings: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday; the hunchback sings the same after; the elves liked it and the queen sent him to remove his hump from the hunchback; when he found out, another hunchback did the same place, but said "Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday"; "Thursday" was superfluous and he was given a hump taken from the first hunchback]: 104-105; Riordan 1987 (Munster) [at night, the Lusmore hunchback comes from afar, stops to rest, hears the elves singing from the moat, sings along, the elves reward him by taking his hump; he talks about it to the old woman, and she tells another hunchback; he is brought to the moat, left overnight; he sings badly, spoils the song, the elves gave him a second hump, which they took from the first one]: 262-267; Isle of Man [Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, etc.]: Riordan 1987:234-237; the British, Dutch, Friesians, Germans (Schleswig-Holstein, Oldenburg, Austria): Uther 2004 (1), No. 503:288-289
Western Asia. The Arabs of Lebanon [the hunchback gets to the singing fairies, they take his hump; another hunchback goes there too, but gets the second hump they took from the first one]: El-Shamy 2004, No. 503:253; Saudia [the wealthy shepherd lost his favorite goat; he was looking for it, fell asleep on the slope of Mount Redfan; the serpent lord decided to help him and ordered him to put divination stones next to the sleeper; in the morning a man found a goat , and then became famous as a fortuneteller; when he found out, the other went to bed in the same place and woke up to realize that he had become a woman; went to another village, the woman was taken by a beggar, they had three daughters; and He had previously had three sons; another man with a bump on his head also went to Mount Redfan; the serpent lord called a ghoul named Ashrak (he was also told to put divination stones); the ghoul cut off the bump; another man with a big wart went to the same place; ghoul: it's filthy meat, I don't eat it; put a bump on; the man woke up with both a wart and a bump]: Juhaiman 1999:99-10156b.
Tibet is the Northeast of India. The Tibetans [a man with a big goiter went to look for the missing cow; spent the night in a small cave where one spirit lived, and others gathered next to the big one; told the person living in the small one to bring we will eat the man; he replied that he could not - he is his guest; and he has a goiter; then let him bring goiter; when he sees a goiter, the perfume did not eat it; when he woke up, the man saw that his goiter was gone, and he was a cow I also found it; another man with a large goiter deliberately drove a cow to the mountains, hid it, and complained loudly about life in the cave; the spirit who lived separately again offered the rest a goiter, but they refused and told Put the first goiter on the back of a person's head; when he returned to the village, the mutilated tried not to show himself to people's eyes]: Shelton 1925, No. 41:163-165.
South Asia. Nepali [a red clay saleswoman for flooring, who has three tumors on her throat, spent the night in the temple; at night, a woman spirit saw her, took the tumors for herself instead of jewelry, ate bread from a woman's bags, put gold in his place; in the same village, a woman with four tumors; when she found out what had happened, she came to the same temple; the spirit woman returned, she was tired of wearing severe tumors and she handed them over sleeping and left no gold; unhappy returned home]: Sakya, Griffith 1980:150-107.
China - Korea. The Chinese [references to Chinese folklore publications published in Hong Kong and Taiwan; usually perfume is taken away from the first person not the hump, but the goiter]: Ting 1978, No. 503; Koreans [=Borovkov 1938 : 136-138; =Pack 1991:292-294; an old man with a bump on his cheek spends the night in an abandoned fanza; forest devils come there; out of fear, the old man either yells or sings, the hell likes it; the old man says that his voice is in a bump, sells it for devils' treasures, gets rich; another old man, also with a bump, wants to repeat everything; by this time the devils already know that there is no song in the bump, they put a second bump on the second old man, removed from the first face]: Cho 2001, No. 89:151-153; the fox [the couple has 4 daughters, her husband died; the elder Amima and her younger brother Abep went to the forest for fruits; when they saw the monkeys, the sister stayed with them, sending them brother to mother; gave birth to a monkey, came to visit his mother and sibling, did not show the child; the brother followed her, saw that her son was a monkey; out of shame she threw him off the tree, he crashed to death; husband- the monkey beat Amima; came with her to his mother-in-law; when he killed the pig with his teeth, the brother laughed, he chased him; the sister gave him sticks, told her to throw them along the way; the monkey husband picks them up every time and takes it to his wife, wasting time; Abepa was transported across Salwen; since then men and monkeys have not lived together; the second sister, Alema, went beyond the caterpillar; Abepa came to her; the sister says that the husband of work, tells him to call; Abepa calls, does he answer dzï every time? then Abepa killed him with a spear; his sister asks not to see where she sleeps; Abepa is surprised that she is thin and pale; finds small caterpillars there; pours boiling water on them; her sister is desperate for her children; third her sister, Asama, became the wife of a fallen tree; she suffered from heat and cold for three years, and then a huge mushroom grew on the trunk; everyone became jealous; Asama brought it to her mother and lived with her again; the trunk was completely rotted; Asïma's younger sister married a bear; he brings a lot of food; others are jealous; his wife accompanies him when he pulls honey out of the hollow; next time he went alone; some man set up his bag and then killed a bear; his wife is unhappy; Abep's brother grew up, all the girls want him; he chose the most beautiful one, then got 12 goitters; one day he went to another village and spent the night in the forest; the spirit of the place invited him to eat; each of his 12 daughters took a goiter to use as a cooking vessel; in the morning he ran home; the spirits tried to catch up with him to give the goiter vessels, but they failed; the neighbor had 3 goitters; when he heard Abepa's story, he went to that place; the spirits gave him 12 goitters of Abepa, he was 15; his wife died of grief; he cut off his goiters with a sword and became an avenger spirit]: Dessaint, Ngwâma 1994:374-389.
The Balkans. Ancient Greece [inscription in the temple of Asclepius in Epidaurus; the Thessalian Pandara had a scorched stamp (Brandmal) on his forehead; when he fell asleep in the sanctuary of Asclepius, God told him to remove his bandage in a dream; he took off and realized that the stamp had disappeared, nailed the bandage in the temple; sent a slave to donate money to the temple; he also fell asleep, but hid that the owner had sent him to donate money, promised to erect a statue if his stigma will disappear; when he took off his bandage, there were two marks on his forehead - his own and his owner]: Liungman 196:120; Bulgarians [the hunchback sleeps in a mill or in the mountains; witnesses the devils dance or self-giving, he sings along with them: today is Thursday, tomorrow is Wednesday; they take his hump; another hunchback (envious brother) goes to the same place, but when the devils start singing, they try to correct them; for this they stuck his hump taken from the first person]: Daskalova-Perkovska et al. 1994, No. 503:178-179; Hungarians [story known]: Domotor 1988, No. 503:460; Greeks (Kos, Lesbos) [the hunchback gets to the dancers demons, dances with them or plays for them; sometimes they call the days of the week, but they can't finish the list and the hunchback helps; they take his hump and sometimes give him gold; another person repeats everything repeat, but gets a second hump and coals]: Megas 2012, No. 503:162-163; Slovenes (Berdo, 1873) [the servant noticed that the hostess disappears from home every night; after following her, he saw that she lifted the stove, took out something like an ointment, smeared it, grabbed the bolt, and left; the servant he smeared himself with that ointment, grabbed the bolt, and ended up in a foreign country; there were a lot of women there, with the hell; the hell asked, "What do you want here, man?" ; the servant replied that he had a hump and asked him to be healed; the devil cut off his hump with a thread; the servant went back and, eight days later, was at home; the humpback man asked him where he had got rid of his hump; the servant told him, advised him to do the same; the humpback went to that foreign country; the devil asked him why he had come; the humpback asked him to remove his hump; the devil threw him another hump (that servant's hump); humpback wandered fifteen days before returning home]: Baudouin de Courtenay 1904, No. 1.2:90-92.
Central Europe. Czechs (Moravas) [there is a bylich about how the sandals get rid of the hump of the guy they like, and the other is beaten so that he has a hump on his back and chest in addition to his hump]: Levkievskaya 1995:521; the Poles [the humpback musician came to the "redmen"; they liked the way he played and had fun with them; they took his hump, gave him gold; another hunchback went to them, they they stuck a second hump to him]: Krzyżanowski 1962, No. 503:157-158.
Caucasus - Asia Minor. Turks (northern Turkey, Istanbul, Ankara) [the hunchback is accidentally locked in a bathhouse for the night, sees dwarfs dancing; they are dancing and shouting: Wednesday! she dances with them and sings along; they reward her by taking her hump; the other hunchback finds herself in the same situation and yells, Thursday! For this, she is given a hump that was taken from the first hunchback]: Eberhard, Boratav 1953, No. 118:136-137.
Iran - Central Asia. Persians: Ottomans 1987 [the humpback merchant tyrants the humpback servant, then drives him away; he spends the night in the bathhouse; genies come to dance, the hunchback began to dance with them, he liked his dance, he was given a bundle of sweets and onion husks, gold in the morning; the old genie took his hump away; when he found out, the merchant himself comes to the bathhouse for the night; that night the genies bury the deceased, and the merchant began to dance; the genie gave him a second hump]: 278-280; Romaskevich 1934a, No. 59 (Tehran area) []: 300-302.
Baltoscandia. Latvians [The tailor spends the night at the tavern. Devils (dwarfs) cut off his hump. A wealthy merchant also wants to get rid of his hump]: Aris, Medne 1977, No. 503:293; Lithuanians [the humpback violinist returns from the wedding, sits on a bump; the girl takes him to the palace, asks to play; dancing not only masters and servants, but also objects; he is offered a choice of a bag of gold and an empty one; he chose empty; he was put in it, beaten; he woke up healthy and slender young man; landowner I also went to play in the swamp, chose gold, and in the morning I saw that there was not a bag behind him, but a hump]: Grishina 1993:53-59; the Swedes [the hunchback gets to underground creatures (spirits); they ask for permission to shave him and in gratitude for permission, they take the hump, give gold; upon learning about this, another hunchback comes to the same creatures, but only gets the coals and the second hump taken from the first one]: Liungman 1961, No. 503:120; Finns, Faroese: Uther 2004 (1), No. 503:288-289; Western Sami (Sweden): Qvigstad 1925, No. 502*: 18
Volga - Perm. Chuvashi [a rich hunchback sends the poor to spend the night in the bathhouse; a snake crawls out, the poor man kills her with a stone; the watermen are happy, it was their evil mistress Ye, they remove the poor man's hump, give gold; the rich himself goes to the bathhouse, hits a water man who has come to drown the hump of a poor man with a stone, the water ones stuck a second hump to the rich]: Eizin 1993:316-316; Nogais - karagashi (Astrakhan region, 1969) [the poor man had a bump on his face; he wanted to get rid of it, went to the forest; he cut wood, got lost and spent the night there; devils came out from behind the trees and began to dance; the poor man was a good dancer, he could not stand it, went out and He also started dancing; the devils asked him where he came from and told him to come again the next day; when he was about to go home, they said, "What if you don't come tomorrow, you'd better leave something behind!" ; the poor man replied that he would leave nothing behind; one of the devils noticed a bump on his face: "It will be good when others do not recognize you"; the devils patted the poor man in the face, the bump disappeared; in the village lived by with the same bump on his face; he asked the poor man, who told me what had happened in the forest; buy went and lay down between the trees; when he saw the devils dancing, he also began to dance; he could not dance, it was bad; the devils said, "It turns out that you don't know how to dance well, go home!" {the text ends here, the addition of the second cone is not directly mentioned}]: Arslanov 1992, No. 4:82-84; Bashkirs [the rich man and the poor man have a bump on their foreheads; the poor man spent the night in a forest hut; they came genies, they have sticks of gold; the poor man sang; said that the song came from his bump on his forehead; the genies changed his bump for gold sticks; the poor man became rich; the rich man went to sleep in the same place and began to sing; The genies were angry at the man who deceived them; they did not give gold sticks, but stuck a second bump to the rich man]: Barag 1992, No. 46:96.
Southern Siberia - Mongolia. Hamnigans (Iroic) (Tungus-speaking) [the rich man's herd had a cow with eight horns; when she was lost, the rich man went to look for her; a storm arose, he stopped for the night at the foot of the mountain Malia prayed and fell asleep on the bank of the key; in a dream, two spirits, the owners of the area, came to him, saying that they would make him all-seeing; when he woke up, he found a cow near the key and received the ability to guess the whereabouts of the missing things; a thief came to him at home and asked him how he had found the cow; after finding out the details, the thief went to the place where the rich man slept, prayed, and then fell asleep; the spirits decided to turn him into punishment into a girl who married a poor widower; a man with a tumor on her head came to the girl and, after learning about her past, asked how she was a man turned into a woman; she talked about everything; the man decided to pray to get rid of the tumor, and went to spend the night in the same way; the next day the tumor disappeared; the spirits decided to relieve him of his punishment because the tumor grew innocently only because he cut off the bark from the birch tree; a thief came to this man with a lump in his nose and, after learning how he got rid of the tumor, went to the same place for the night; When I woke up, I found that the perfume not only did not remove the lump from his nose, but also added a lump on his head, the one that grew in a person with a tumor; when he returned home, the thief heard a voice: "This is how they pay for good with good, and evil with evil"; since then he has stopped stealing]: Talko-Gryntsevich 1904:73-74; Khalha Mongols (Muren, Somon Moren aimaka Huvsgel; storyteller - Tomoriin Nyamhand, born in 1937, originally from the Burentogtoh somon of the same aimak, the parents are pastoralists) [there was a man who had a lump under his ear; there was a hole in which the Chutghurs lived; the man decided to check, went there; lay down in a hole, something came up and pulled him out of the hole, exclaiming, "What an animal is in my hole!" ; the man saw something vague, lay down again; it happened again, then again, and so on until morning, until something said, "How nice, how nice"; when the man returned home, he realized that the bump was gone - the chutgur took it; the man had an acquaintance, also with a bump; when he found out what had happened to the first one, the second one also went to the pit; everything was the same as the first one, but the voice eventually said: "What disgusting"; the man came home and found that he now has two bumps]: Duvakin 2011.
Japan. The Japanese [an old man with a bump on his right cheek went to the forest for firewood; hid from the rain in a hollow; forest devils came, began to sing and dance; the old man went out and also began to dance, liked the hell; he liked it; he they told me to come again tomorrow; the main devil decided to take a deposit - a bump (it probably brings happiness); the old man came back; another old man with the same bump on his left cheek also went to the forest the next day; but the hell didn't like his dance; they gave him yesterday's bump, drove him away]: Markova 1956:55-59.