N2. Origins: when the goat was a commander..27.-.30.32.34.

Fabulous and epic texts start from the beginning, which states that animals were performing human social or economic functions at that time.

Romanians, Tatars in Romania, Gagauz people, Slovaks, Czechs, Crimean Tatars, Rumeians, Nogais, (Kumyks), Turks, Uzbeks, Tajiks, Bashkirs, Kazan Tatars, Chelkans.

The Balkans. Romanians [one of the initial fairy-tale formulas is "when the wolf was a shepherd and the bear was a bagpiper" (cînd lupul era oier şi ursul cimpoier)]: Roshianu 1974:25, 183; Romanian Tatars (native speakers of the steppe dialect of the Crimean Tatar language) [one of the initial fairy-tale formulas is "In ancient times, /When does a camel tellal {a bark merchant?} was, /When the turtles made their wings to fly..."]: Roshiyan 1974:47; Gagauz people [the beginning of the fairy tale: "A long time ago, when the ear was still on the stem, there was a haystack in a sieve, I was in the cradle, and my father It was not yet in the world, in the country of the Uz-Padishah, camels and camels chased the ball; in churches, angels flew like flies; after slaughtering one immature ram, the people of the whole country fed" (see summary in K38 data "A hero helps chicks")]: Syrf 2013:138.

Central Europe. Slovaks ["it was at that blessed time when pigs wore boots, frogs wore hats and magpies wore hats; when donkeys jangled their spurs in the streets and hares trumped for the dogs. Back then the girls had it good: dogs washed dishes, pigs oiled the stove, geese swept rooms, carp washed carpets for them in the Hron River, and shrimp rinsed them out. Now it's like that again, good times will come back"]: Dobšinský 1970, No. 27:146; Czechs ["It happened back in those days when cats flaunted shoes, frogs wore hats, donkeys while walking, they jingled with spurs, and hares chased dogs"]: Nemtsova 1978:163.

Caucasus - Asia Minor. Crimean Tatars ["A long time ago, when a lark was a judge and Khan's daughter was a witch, there was one stingy rich man - Saranbay" (see summary in the M40 data "Distorted Instructions")]: Borovkov 1938: 47; Mirer 1940 [This happened when a fairy tale was a fairy tale, when the Ozenbash minaret leaned over to Belbek to drink water, when the snake in paradise was a secretary, and Adam did not know that it would deceive him when he settled down I was a flea, and I collected stone kernels from wooden cannons on the heights of the Crimean Mountains, Boyka and Sandyk. Who can, even if he lies, still works out]: 236; (cf. Crimean Tatars [at a time when fairy tales were taking on true events, when camels were fleas; turtles and frogs they flew by air, minarets clung to Salgir to drink water, and I collected cannonballs instead of millet in my pockets, lived (etc.)]: Kondaraki 1975:38); Nogais: Aliyeva 2013, No. 12 [" A long time ago, when the goat got fat, the starling was a judge and the khan's daughter was a sorceress when honey got into the kidneys and the buds were roasted in honey..."], 107 ["A long time ago, when the khan's daughter was still a judge, when The starling was a sorcerer when wheat grew on the ice, when millet grew in the mountains, when it was mowed, when the bags were made of felt, when the crow's beak was horny, an old man and an old woman lived"]: 73, 467; Kapaev 2012 [a long time ago, when the goat was full, when the starling became kadiy, when the khan's daughter was a sorcerer, when the lark lived in the water... the khan's daughter was married by a young man; on the way home, the groom turned into a wolf , began to slaughter camels; tulpar Heavenly hoof told the bride to jump on him and run, teaches him what to do; she throws the comb, says "Let the sunlight flow ahead, the fog spread behind"; mirror (same, there is a bottomless lake behind); scissors (same, there is a thorny bush behind them); tulpar says that they have arrived in the underworld, lets them summon him, tells them to pretend to be a man; the owner of the yurt calls the guest (i.e. a girl) to the top of the mound; attacked, but the girl threw him to the ground and he fell through the ground; she called a tulpara; he tells him to cut off his right leg, rip open his stomach and climb inside; in the morning she is in a yurt, two boys next to her; her father arrives with his men]: 366-359; Nogai 1979, No. 33 ["In ancient times, when goats walked fat, when Khan's daughter was a kadiy, and a starling was a sorcerer , when the sparrow lived in the water and the lark was a pacer, an old man lived as fast as a stream"], 35 ["In ancient times, when wheat grew on ice and millet on stone, when Khan's daughter was kadiy, and the starling was a sorcerer, a rich khan lived on the side where the sun rises" (see the summary in the M114b data "Come neither naked nor dressed")]: 149, 153; Rumei (Urzuf-Yalta dialect, Mangush district, Donetsk region, 1952-1953) [standard start: "In those years when hares plowed and foxes sowed..."]: Chernisheva 1958:21; Chernishova 1960:99; (cf. Kumyks [bear, fox, boar, hare, jackal, wolf and rooster began to live together; bear became sledge, boar became elder, wolf hunter, jackal chavush (bailiff), hare became shepherd, rooster - mullah; only the fox was left idle; began to sing: the minted gold is our fox, the boar is our elder, the bear is our sledge, the wolf is our hunter, the jackal is our chavush, the hare is the shepherd, and the rooster is the mullah; why if you need a mullah, we'll eat it better; then it's the same (why do you need a shepherd, let's eat it); the fox and the wolf remain; the fox noticed the oxtail lying, guessed that it was a trap; says that she has it herself today is fasting; the wolf fell into a trap, the fox began to eat a oxtail - he dreamed that the fast was over; the wolf broke out; the fox began to live in the mill; tells the wolf that it licks the flour when the millstones turn; the wolf's tongue was torn off; the fox settled on the shore, the wolf did not recognize it; the fox tells the wolf that it lowers its tail into the river to catch fish; the tail froze; women came and killed both the fox and the wolf]: Khalilov 1965, No. 10:25-28); Turks: Dmitriev 1967:126 [among the initial fairy tales were "when a mouse was a barber"; "when an ox was worth a goat, when a lion was a watchman" (referring to: Kúnos I. Tü ; rkische Volksmärchen aus Adakale. Leipzig; New York, 1907. S. 137], 403 "When was time, when the sieve fell into the cauldron, when the camel was tellal {by a bark merchant?} was, and the ox was a hamal {porter?} was when I was a white-bearded old man, when I shook my father, tyngyr-myngyr, shaky..." (with reference to: Kúnos I. Op. cit. S. 189], 175-176 ["Whoever runs, who knocks down with a shaft, and on the head of someone who flies into a tavern without money, they break a pot weighing one hundred okk. When time became, when the sieve fell into the straw, when the buffalo was tellal, when the goat was a barber, when the hare was our servant, when I was a child of fifteen, I played celik on the roof of the straw shed..." (with reference to Kúnos I. Op. cit. S. 261], Roshiyan 1974 ["In the old days, whether in a sieve, at the bottom of the cauldron, when the camel was biryuch, when the mouse was a barber, when I was fifteen years old, when I was tyngyr-myngyr! - I rocked the cradle of father and mother..."]: 28, 45-46; Stebleva 1986, No. 38 ["Either it was, or it was not. In the old days, when the sieve was in straw and the camel was a herald, when a flea was a barber and I rocked my father's cradle, it creaked and creaked! - a padishah lived and had three daughters" (see a summary of this fairy tale in the L90 data "Fall to Heaven")], 42 ["Either it happened or not. In the old days, when the sieve was in straw, when the camel was a herald, when the fly was a barber, there lived a wealthy merchant" (the beginning of a fairy tale with a motif reminiscent of the K80A "Pipe Talks About a Crime" but not exactly the same)]: 153-154, 174; Kúnos 1913 [in the old days, when a camel sold horses, a mouse was a barber, a cuckoo was a tailor, a turtle was a baker, and a donkey was a servant, there was one miller and he had a black cat]: 31; Walker, Uysal 1966, No. 8 [when a camel was a barber and an owl was a judge]: 84.

Iran - Central Asia. Uzbeks: Bushui, Zhurakulov 1990 [options for fabulous beginnings: "It was or not, hungry or full, the wolf was a cook and the fox was a guard, the turtle was a weigher, and the frog owed her. In ancient times..."; "Whether or not, hungry or full, the wolf was a cook and the fox was a guard, the pheasant was red, its tail was long, jumped from stone to stone, broke his legs and died. In the old days, alone..."; "A fairy tale, pimpling from goats, the pheasant was red, the tail was long, sat on blue ice, broke his mustache, the goose played the karnai, and the duck was on the surnaya, the speckled crow was a muezzin, a black crow was a kozonchi ('foundry'), the sparrow was a sneaker, the lark was a carpenter, the wolf was a cook and the fox was a guard, my fairy tale has a husband, there is land on the seven-day journey, There's a short-tailed wolf on the seven-day journey. One day..."]: 41-42; Ostroumov 1906b (Sarty) [beginning: "There lived rich, lived poor, lived hungry, lived full; the wolf was the cook, the fox was the manager of the feast; the raven was a sorcerer, the sparrow was a gossip, and The ant was a funny storyteller; the goose was a trumpeter, the duck was a bugler, the turtle was a weigher, and the frog placed weights... cotton grew out of salt, and children were born from maidens..."]: 11; Sheverdin 1984:135 [ "It was or not, was it hungry, the wolf was a bakaul, the fox was a yasaul, the goose was a bugler, the duck was a flutist, the raven was a healer, the sparrow was a gossip" (the beginning of the fairy tale about the daughter of a padishah, who announced that will marry someone who comes up with forty tales in three lies, and about a young man who fulfilled this condition)], 152 [=Konovalov, Stepanov 1986:234; "The old man and old woman lived neither hungry nor full in ancient times , when the wolf was a bakovul, a fox a yasaul, a raven a musician, a sparrow an informer, a turtle a weigher, a boar a butcher, and a frog owed a lot of money" (see the summary of this tale in the K100 data" Faithful servant")]; Tajiks ["There were thirty fairy tales, /There were thirty porsangs, /The mouse was the mistress of the house/The cat played the doira, /The frog danced, /The bug on the bedbug's back/Claps his hands on bazaar"; "There were thirty fairy tales <... > The mouse led the horse by the bridle, /The fox carried the plates/The snake played the pipe, /The cat played the doira, /The marmot wore dowry, /The hoopoe carried sweets, /The donkey sang songs, /The bear beat the drum, /Chukot received payment for the good news, /The nightingale met the bride, /The bride groaned loudly" (6 versions are known; almost all recorded in the southern and central regions Tajikistan; the second example seems to have been heavily processed by the collector)]: Rabiev 1986:97-99.

Volga - Perm. The Tatars [when the magpie served as a centurion, the duck was a sergeant, the tit was a clerk, and the dog rose to the rank of tithes,... lived a padishah; someone steals the padishah's apples; he watched, caught a golden bird ; called the other padishahs to look at her; the bird asked his son Arslan to let her go, he let her go; the padishah wants to execute his son, agrees to expel her; he takes another padishah's son as his companion; suggests that one of them be considered the son of a vizier; throws a stick - who will swim to her faster; she is closer to him; after that A. must obey; the deceiver married the eldest, A. - the middle daughter padishah; does everything well; the deceiver is jealous; says that A. can make the hooves of a hundred horses rich, silver their hair; A. calls the golden bird, she does everything; becoming a girl, takes A. to heaven, where her sister; both give him a magic tablecloth; the same, a hundred cows to have golden horns, tails with a chain; sisters give him an accordion that plays any melody; the same is a hundred goats with golden horns and silver wool; sisters feed apples that give strength; give fluffs to summon the horse; enemies attacked; A. fed his mare to birds, summoned a heroic horse; smashed his elder son-in-law and viziers, then enemies; so three times; padishah brought A. closer to him, he ordered his elder son-in-law to be expelled]: Zamaletdinov 2008a, No. 73:391-407; Bashkirs: Barag 1989, No. 10 ["It happened in ancient times, when a goat was still a commander, a duck in commanders walked, turkey was a tither, forty a soldier, a rooster an officer, and cranes were generals" (see a summary of this tale in the K24 data "The Hidden Clothes of a Supernatural Woman")]: 71; Barag 1989, No. 14 [" A long time ago, when a goat was a colonel and a ram was an officer, they say an old man and an old woman lived"; the old man and the old woman go to visit, tell their four daughters not to put out the fire and offend cat; when a cat asks for porridge, the girls hit her on the head with a spoon; the fire immediately goes out; two older sisters go in search, come to the cave, ask the old woman for fire; she agrees to give it, tells them collect ash in the hem and sprinkle it on the road - she will come to them for the night; in the evening she comes to their house, eats her younger sister at night (the old woman was ybyr-ebi); the next day she comes again, eats another sister; two surviving girls run away from home with a scallop, a mirror and a sharpener; the old woman goes in pursuit; the older sister throws the sharpener, a huge mountain grows over which the old woman can hardly climb; the girl throws her scallop, a dense forest appears; the old woman makes her way through it; the girl throws a mirror, a large lake overflows; the old woman screams from the shore, asks how the girls swam; they say: tying stones to their necks; the old woman ties a stone and drowns; the youngest of the sisters asks for water, the eldest warns that you should not drink here; the youngest drinks water from a hole from a goat's hoof, turns into a goat; her sister goes on with her, marries a merchant; his older wife starts to get sick, the healer advises her to eat the goat's heart; the goat tells her sister to saved her bones; the goat is eaten, the sister puts the bones in a cloth, they turn into a bird; the bird sings at the bazaar, the merchant gives it a piece of butter; she flies up to her sister, puts oil in her mouth; the bird flies up to the needle merchant, sings again; he gives her a pack of needles; the merchant's elder wife hears the bird singing, opens her mouth; the bird throws needles at it, the woman dies]: 92-95; Barag 1989, No. 47 ["A long time ago, when a crow was king, a goat was a commander, and forty soldiers walked, they say, an old man and an old woman lived" (see the summary of this tale in the B94A data on "A Tree Fulfills Wishes")]: 214; Barag 1989, No. 73 ["In ancient times, when forty led the team, the raven was king and people were crazy, a man found a gold coin in the yard of an old woman"; the man's name is Sun, the rooster starts begging him for a coin; Sun throws him into the lake, the rooster drinks all the water, returns to his yard and begs for a coin again; Sun throws him into the burning stove, the rooster pours lake water from his beak , extinguishes the fire, begs again; San cuts off his head, throws it into the boiling pot; his head continues to say: "San Agay, San Agay, /Give me your coin, /Give me, agay, give me, agay!" ; Sun eats his head without waiting for it to cook; his head continues to sing inside his stomach]: 351-352; Barag 1989, No. 74 ["A long time ago, when the goat was commander, forty was a sergeant, pyarius - as a guide, they say an old man and an old woman lived" (the beginning of a fairy tale with motifs K27 "Tasks and Competitions" and K131 "Three Wonderful Objects")]: 352; Barag 1989, No. 100 ["This thing happened a long time ago, when The duck was a sergeant, and forty were tithes" (the beginning of the fairy tale of a long-tailed bear who climbed a tree with a beehive and a man who cut off half its tail)]: 411; Barag 1989, No. 110 ["V long ago, when a goat was still known as a commander and forty soldiers, they say that a merchant named Abubakir lived in the village of Akhmerovo" (see the summary of this tale in the M153 data "Hoof Note")]: 427; Barag 1989, No. 118 ["A long time ago, when a goat was a commander, forty a soldier, and a crow a king, they say an old man and an old woman lived" (see a summary of this tale in the M182A data "The Goby is a Resin barrel")]: 443; Barag 1990, No. 172 ["At that time/when things were going uphill /and the goat was chosen by the whole world/elected commander, /and the drake was a sergeant, /sparrow was a foreman, /forty was an accountant, /jackdaw - interpreter, /rooster - senator, /turkey - governor, /lived and was, they say, one buy..." (the beginning of a fairy tale about a stingy old man and his family, who hid food from the guests who came and were forced to end up forced to feed)]: 400; Barag 1992, No. 31 ["A long time ago, back in the days when a goat was a commander, a duck was a sergeant, a goose was a sentry, a sparrow a tithes, and forty dignitaries, one mullah lived happily ever after" (started by a fairy tale based on ATU 1739 "The clergyman and the calf" and 1281A "Getting rid of the man-eating calf")]: 72; Barag 1992, No. 36 ["In ancient times, when forty were a soldier, a sparrow was a boss, and a goat commander, a man named Shumbay lived in the village"; his wife sends Shumbay to her parents for salt; in order not to forget, S. loads a stone weighing half a pound on the horse; on the way she repeats: "Half a pound, half a pound"; after driving a little, he forgets and turns back; meets a girl who asks why he needs a stone; S. remembers the errand, goes to his wife's parents; takes salt and, as his wife told him, asks how much salt to put in the soup; mother-in-law replies: "A small amount is not enough, a lot in a large amount"; on the way home, S. repeats this phrase; meets two people who share the harvest; says: "In small quantities quantity is small, large quantities are many"; people say that he should have said: "Blessed be the threshing floor!" , and they beat him; when he reached the cemetery, S. says to the people who are going to the funeral: "Blessed be the threshing floor!" ; they beat him, saying that it is necessary to say: "The kingdom of heaven to the dead!" ; S. goes on, meets people celebrating the wedding, and shouts: "The kingdom of heaven to the dead!" ; he is beaten, told to have fun, dance and sing songs; S. rides, dancing in the saddle and singing songs; scares off the duck the hunter was going to shoot at; he attacks S. it was necessary to sneak in; S. goes on sneaking, inadvertently climbs into the field; he is caught and beaten by a watchman; S. comes home, his wife does not let him in, asks his name; S. does not remember, beats his neighbor; he calls him by name; S. comes home, his wife asks how much salt to put in the soup; S. does not remember, goes for a mullah; he comes, his wife tells him that S. is going to seal to his face a bar lying on fire; the mullah runs away, S. chases him with a spoon, believing his wife's words that he took all the porridge]: 76-78; Barag 1992, No. 54 ["A long time ago, when the goat was a commander, forty commanders, the crow is a scribe, and I was not yet in the world, my father and I went hunting a hare" (the beginning of a fairy tale about hunting an unborn hare)]: 103; Barag 1992, No. 56 ["Once Upon a Time When the goat was a commander and the magpie was a sergeant, I took a wife and took care of the housework" (the beginning of a fairy tale about a man who caught and tied birds, which then flew up and took them into the sky)]: 105; Barag 1992, No. 59 ["In ancient times, when goats were commanders, ducks were commanders, turkeys were tithes, wolves were trustees, and crows were superiors, when magpies were senators and sparrows were soldiers, roosters as officers, and chickens as tolmachi, lions with horses, snakes with whips, and foxes as matchmakers, they say a khan lived"; the khan announces that he will give his daughter to someone who can convince him of his fairy tale; many They try unsuccessfully, they are executed; Erense sesen comes to Khan and begins to tell tales; among other things, he says that he exchanged ducks for a camel who could drink water without bending his head or bending knees; Khan says: "It seems that your well was above"; E.-S.: "Maybe at the top. In any case, in the morning, the stone thrown at him reached the bottom only in the evening"; Khan: "Apparently your days were too short"; E.-S.: "Maybe short. But only the mare, who was a foal herself in the morning, was screwed in the evening"; the khan decides to turn the conversation in a different direction, asks E.-S. about what he did to the camel mentioned earlier; E.-S. continues tell tales, Khan gives him his daughter and half of the kingdom]: 107-116; Barag 1992, No. 872 ["In ancient times /it was when/goats ruled over everyone, /magpies served in soldiers, /falcons in haulers walked, /bats watched the stars during the day..." (the beginning of the poetic Kulyamyas "How We Learned to Speak Russian")]: 373.

Southern Siberia - Mongolia. Chelkan people [the crane used to be a zaysan, a jerk was a clerk, a sandpiper was a foreman, and a chaffinch was an accountant; when the crane shouted "Cokoy-Kalak!" , people gathered and everything was in vain; for this, the jerk reprimanded the crane, and he pushed him, the jerk's lower back sprained, the jerk became humpback; he goes and talks to himself: "The hardness of the stone is not you know, you don't understand the density of iron"; foreman Koshperyuk hit iron against the stone - sparks flew; the crane's people removed from hype, and the owl was appointed Zaisan, he is still the head of the birds]: Kandarakova 1988:157-158.