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Stith Thompson Motif Index
About this index and how to read it
Stith Thompson's Motif-Index of Folk-Literature classifies recurring narrative elements in folktales, myths, legends, ballads and related traditional narratives. Each entry below gives Thompson's motif reference and the description recorded in the index.
The index is large, so this browser displays 250 entries per page. You can search by motif reference or by words in the description, restrict the results to one of Thompson's main letter categories, and click motif references mentioned inside descriptions to follow cross-references. Individual motif pages also show any ATU tale types whose concordance explicitly cites that Thompson reference.
All
A
Mythological Motifs
B
Animal Motifs
C
Motifs of Tabu
D
Magic
E
The Dead
F
Marvels
G
Ogres
H
Tests
J
The Wise and the Foolish
K
Deceptions
L
Reversals of Fortune
M
Ordaining the Future
N
Chance and Fate
P
Society
Q
Rewards and Punishments
R
Captives and Fugitives
S
Unnatural Cruelty
T
Sex
U
The Nature of Life
V
Religion
W
Traits of Character
X
Humor
Z
Miscellaneous Groups of Motifs
| Thompson reference ▲ | Description |
|---|---|
| A1658 | Origin of professional warriors. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A1658.1 | Origin of fiana (bands of professional warriors). Irish myth: Cross. |
| A1659 | Origin of different classes—miscellaneous. |
| A1659.1 | Origin of the Fomorians (giants). Irish myth: Cross. |
| A1659.1.1 | Fomorians descended from Ham (or Cain). Irish myth: Cross. |
| A1660 | Characteristics of various peoples—in personal appearance. Icel.: MacCulloch Eddic 153, Corpus Poeticum Boreale I 234 ff. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A1661 | Hair and beard of various peoples. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A1661.1 | How the white man got his beard. Cheyenne: Campbell JAFL XXIX 407. |
| A1661.2 | Why the white man has short hair. Cheyenne: Campbell JAFL XXIX 408. |
| A1661.3 | Why Canaanites have curly hair. Jewish: Neuman. |
| A1662 | Peculiar smell of body. |
| A1662.1 | Why Jews smell bad. They rubbed Christ's body with garlic. Lithuanian: Balys Index No. *1867A. |
| A1663 | Heads of various people. |
| A1663.1 | Why Babylonians are round headed. Jewish: Neuman. |
| A1664 | Beauty of various peoples. Jewish: Neuman. |
| A1665 | Feet of various peoples. |
| A1665.1 | Why Africans have bad feet. Jewish: Neuman. |
| A1666 | Eyes of various peoples. |
| A1666.1 | Why Canaanites have red eyes. Jewish: Neuman. |
| A1666.2 | Why Palmyrenes have narrow eyes. Jewish: Neuman. |
| A1667 | Intelligence of various people. |
| A1667.1 | Why Europeans know more than natives. Marquesas: Handy 138. |
| A1670 | Characteristics of various peoples—in industry and warfare. |
| A1671 | Tribal characteristics—labor. |
| A1671.1 | Why the negro works. S. Carolina Negro: Davis JAFL XXVII 244; N. Carolina Negro: Brown Collection I 633; Africa (Cameroon): Mansfield 225. |
| A1673 | Tribal characteristics—industry. |
| A1673.1 | Why the Haidas surpass in certain industries. Tahltan: Teit JAFL XXXII 213. |
| A1674 | Tribal characteristics—stealing. |
| A1674.1 | Why it is not a sin for a Gypsy to steal: helpful at crucifixion. Lithuanian: Balys Index No. *1638, Balys Legends No. 102. |
| A1674.2 | Why Russians like thefts and robberies. Lithuanian: Balys Legends No. 100. |
| A1675 | Tribal characteristics—warfare. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A1676 | Tribal characteristics—bravery or cowardice. |
| A1676.1 | Why the Chittagongs are not as brave as they used to be. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1680 | Characteristics of various peoples—in habits. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A1681 | Tribal characteristics—eating. |
| A1681.1 | Why Indians chew spruce gum. Loucheux: Barbeau JAFL XXVIII 256. |
| A1681.2 | Why Jews do not eat pork. Jaworskij Der Urquell II 196; Fb "svin" III 676b.—Estonian: Aarne FFC XXV 142 No. 23; Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 1867A; Livonian: Loorits FFC LXVI 85 No. 42; Flemish: DeMeyer FFC XXXVII 85 No. 43c. |
| A1681.3 | Why the Muria eat snakes. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1681.4 | Why the Agaria eat rats. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1683 | Tribal characteristics—dress. |
| A1683.1 | Why Russians wear their shirts outside their breeches. Estonian: Aarne FFC XXV 142 No. 24. |
| A1683.1.1 | Why Russians wear red shirts. Lithuanian: Balys Legends No. 99. |
| A1683.2 | Why a certain tribe wear clothes like dogs (supposed descendants of a bitch mother). India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1683.3 | Origin of custom of wearing mantles. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A1683.4 | Why certain peoples go nude. |
| A1683.4.1 | Why Canaanites go nude. Jewish: Neuman. |
| A1683.5 | Why certain peoples wear only loincloths. S. Am. Indian (Toba): Métraux MAFLS XL 94. |
| A1687 | Tribal characteristics—decoration. |
| A1687.1 | Why Zuсi girls rub flour on their faces as they grind. Zuсi: Parsons JAFL XXIX 394. |
| A1689 | Other origins and originators. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A1689.1 | Why Bhuiya yoke the cow and the bullock together to the plough. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1689.2 | Why Agaria are not afraid of fire. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1689.3 | Why the Gond and Baiga are omnivorous. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1689.4 | Why Saora wave axes and swords and shout while dancing. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1689.5 | Why the Kamar offer liquor to gods and spirits. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1689.6 | Why Jews read and write from right to left: because of the ugly name of the king of the Jews. Lithuanian: Balys Index No. *1867C. |
| A1689.7 | Origin of the Russian calendar. Lithuanian: Balys Legends No. 101. |
| A1689.8 | Why Chapperbands coin false money for a living. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1689.9 | Why Chenchu women are ugly. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1689.10 | Why the Agaria are cultivators. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1689.11 | Why one people is superior in power to another. |
| A1689.11.1 | English more powerful than Hindus since latter were late at distribution of qualities. (Both defecating, but Hindu must wash, while Englishman uses paper.)—India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1689.12 | Why Egyptians are fond of asses. Jewish: Neuman. |
| A1689.13 | Why Jews keep aloof from other peoples. Jewish: Neuman. |
| A1690 | Distribution and differentiation of people—miscellaneous. |
| A1691 | Differentiation between "free" (saer) and "unfree" (daer). Irish myth: Cross. |
| A1700 | Creation of animals. (Cf. Chapter B, Animals.) Quiché: Alexander Lat. Am. 162; Ekoi: Talbot 149. |
| A1701 | Creation of animals by God. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1702 | Creation of animals by creator. (Cf. A0.)—Jewish: Neuman. |
| A1703 | Culture hero creates useful animals. S. Am. Indian (Caingang): Métraux BBAE CXLIII (1) 473. |
| A1704 | All animals created in couples. Jewish: Neuman. |
| A1705 | Animals created to serve man. Jewish: Neuman. |
| A1710 | Creation of animals through transformation. (Cf. A1811.1, A1833.2, A1861.1, A1861.2, A1863, A1887).—India: Thompson-Balys; Chinese: Graham, Eberhard FFC CXX 79, 96, 122f. No. 82; Calif. Indian: Gayton and Newman 98. |
| A1711 | Animals from transformations after deluge or world calamity. S. Am. Indian (Amazon Tribes): Alexander Lat. Am. 311f., Métraux BBAE CXLIII (1) 367. |
| A1713 | Creator sent for water: Meantime animals assume present forms. Calif. Indian: Gayton and Newman 59. |
| A1714 | Animals from various transformed objects. India: Thompson-Balys; Hawaii: Beckwith Myth 22, 465; Eskimo (Kodiak): Golder JAFL 20 171, (Cumberland Sound): Boas BAM XV 167, 169, (Central Eskimo): Boas RBAE VI, 588, (East Greenland): Rasmussen I, 82, 96, (Ungava): Turner RBAE XI 261, (Labrador): Hawks GSCan XIV 155, (Cape York): Rasmussen III 79; S. Am. Indian (Caingang): Métraux BBAE CXLIII (1) 473, (Araucanian): Cooper ibid. (2) 753, (Inca): Rowe ibid. 315, (Cashinawa): Métraux ibid. (3) 684. |
| A1714.1 | Animals from transformed cloth. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1714.2 | Animals from bark thrown on ground. Borneo: Dixon 176. |
| A1714.3 | Animals created from earth. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1714.3.1 | Buffaloes emerge from earth, the first man holding the tail of last one. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1715 | Animals from transformed man. (Cf. A2005, A2011.2.) Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 3115, Balys Legends Nos. 216-219, 261f.; India: Thompson-Balys; Maori: Clark 15; Hawaii: Beckwith Myth 422; Raratonga (Cook Island): ibid. 101; Tuomatu: Stimson MS (z-G 3/1100); S. Am. Indian (Tiatinagua): Métraux BBAE CXLIII (3) 449, (Munderucú): Horton ibid. 281, (Cashinawa): Métraux ibid. 685, (Toba): Métraux MAFLS XL 31, 79, (Mataco): Métraux ibid. 64. |
| A1715.1 | Animals from Pharaoh's drowned army. From the army crossing the Red Sea came the various animals.—Dh I 318. |
| A1715.2 | Animals from men transformed for discourtesy to God (Jesus). (Cf. A1831, A1862, A1871.)—*Dh. II 99ff. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1715.3 | Seven whistlers are the souls of the Jews who crucified Christ. (Cf. F456.1.1.1.)—England, U.S.: *Baughman. |
| A1715.4 | Animals from transformed men according to favorite food. One man asks for flesh, one for blood, etc. They are changed to mice, cats, and bugs. (Cf. A1811, A1853.)—Finnish: Aarne FFC XXV 150 No. 71. |
| A1715.5 | Animals from transformed survivors of shipwreck. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1716 | Animals from transformed ogre or giant. Maori: Clark 101. |
| A1716.1 | Animals from different parts of body of slain giant. Giant person, cow, ox, etc.—Persian: Carnoy 288.—Borneo, Philippines: Dixon 177. |
| A1724 | Animals from transformed parts of the body (animal or human). India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1724.1 | Animals from body of slain person. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1724.1.1 | Animals from severed fingers of woman. (Cf. A2102.)—N. A. Indian: Thompson Tales 272; India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1724.2 | Animals from transformed hair. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1724.3 | All living things from Jesus' spattered blood. Laguna, Zuсi: Parsons JAFL XXXI 257. |
| A1725 | Animals from parts of body of deity or saint. |
| A1725.1 | Animals from spittle of deity (saint). (Cf. A2181, A2182.)—*DhII 107ff. |
| A1725.2 | Animals from body dirt of deity (hero). India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1727 | Primordial animal mutilated to produce present form. Maori: Clark 50; Hawaii: Beckwith Myth 135, 436, 500. |
| A1730 | Creation of animals as punishment. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1731 | Creation of animals as punishment for beating forbidden drum. Gold Coast: Barker and Sinclair 89 No. 16. |
| A1732 | Creation of animals to take revenge. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1733 | Creation of animals as punishment for incest. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1734 | Animals from frogs sent as one of Egypt's plagues. Jewish: Neuman. |
| A1750 | Animals created through opposition of devil to god. |
| A1751 | The devil's animals and God's. In the contest between God and the devil, certain animals are made by each. Dh. I 164 (with lists of the animals). Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 3081, Legends Nos. 124-130; German: Grimm No. 148. |
| A1751.1 | Mouse created by Lucifer; cat by Michael to destroy mouse. (Cf. A1811. A1853.)—Irish myth: Cross. |
| A1755 | Devil's unsuccessful creation produces certain animals. (Cf. A1811, A1833.1, A1862, A1893.)—Dh I 156. |
| A1756 | Devil produces animals only in God's name. He tries unsuccessfully without using God's name. Dh I 146ff. Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 3086; Legends Nos. 139—146, 152. |
| A1757 | Dualism of animal creation. persian: Carnoy 291. |
| A1758 | Animals created while god Mahadeo quarrels with his wife. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1770 | Creation of animals from unusual primeval mating. S. Am. Indian (Paressi): Métraux BBAE CXLIII (3) 359. |
| A1771 | Animals from mating of sun and moon. S. Am. Indian (Jivarу): Steward-Métraux BBAE CXLIII (3) 627. |
| A1772 | Animals born from primeval mating of snake and person. S. Am. Indian (Tapirapé): Wagley-Galvao BBAE CXLIII (3) 253. |
| A1790 | Creation of animals—other motifs. |
| A1791 | Giant ox ancestor of all animals. Persian: Carnoy 289. |
| A1792 | Animals vomited up by creator. Bushongo: Werner African 144. |
| A1793 | Animals emerge from tree. Hawaii: Beckwith Myth 287; S. Am. Indian (Warrau): Kirchhoff BBAE CXLIII (3) 880. |
| A1795 | Animals drop from clouds. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1800 | Creation of mammals. Irish myth: Cross; Jewish: Neuman; India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1810 | Creation of felidae. |
| A1811 | Creation of cat. Esthonian: Aarne FFC XXV 150 No. 71 (cf. A1715.4); Finnish: Aarne FFC VIII 11 No. 55, XXXIII 53 No. 55, Dh I 166, 273 (cf. A1751.); ibid. I 157 (cf. A1755.)—Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 3120, Legends No. 133, 195, 220f.; Jewish: Neuman; India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1811.1 | Cat from transformed eagle. Eagle mistakes stick of wood for fish and gets feet caught. Wind blows off feathers and makes hair. (Cf. A1710.)—Finnish: Aarne FFC VIII 11 No. 54. |
| A1811.2 | Creation of cat: sneezed from lion's nostrils. Devil as mouse gnaws hole in bottom of ark. Noah asks lion's help. Lion sneezes and cat comes from lion's nostril and eats mouse. *Dh I 271ff. |
| A1811.3 | Cat of divine origin; is really praying when he purrs. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1815 | Creation of tiger. India: *Thompson-Balys; S. Am. Indian (Apapocuvu-Guaraní): Métraux RMLP XXXIII 138. |
| A1817 | Creation of jaguar. S. Am. Indian (Mojo): Métraux BBAE CXLIII (3) 424. |
| A1820 | Creation of mustelidae. |
| A1821 | Creation of otter. |
| A1821.1 | Creation of sea otter. Eskimo (Kodiak): Golder JAFL XX 139. |
| A1824 | Creation of marten. Kaska: Teit JAFL XXX 432. |
| A1830 | Creation of canidae and other carnivora. |
| A1831 | Creation of dog. Dh I 164 (Cf. A1751); ibid. II 101 (Cf. A1715.2). —Irish: Beal XXI 330; Jewish: Neuman; India: *Thompson-Balys; Chinese: Eberhard FFC CXX 72; Hawaii: Beckwith Myth 436, 500; Maori: Clark 50; Eskimo (Cape York): Rasmussen III 47; Ojibwa: Jones JAFL XXIX 376. |
| A1831.1 | Dog created as watch-dog for Jesus. Jesus, left to watch the herd, creates the dog to drive off the wolf. *Dh II 118. |
| A1831.2 | First lapdog in Ireland. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A1832 | Creation of fox. India: Thompson-Balys; Cheremis: Sebeok-Nyerges. |
| A1833 | Creation of wolf. (Cf. A1751.) Dh I 147ff., I 164.—Quileute: Farrand JAFL XXXII 259. |
| A1833.1 | Devil makes wolf; God gives him life. (Cf. A1755.)—Esthonian: Aarne FFC XXV 145 No. 39. Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 3086; Legends Nos. 139—146. |
| A1833.2 | Wolf from man transformed by magician. (Cf. A1710.)—Finnish: Aarne FFC VIII 14 No. 76. |
| A1833.3 | Wolf as God's dog. German: Grimm No. 148. |
| A1834 | Creation of coyote and other canidae. |
| A1834.1 | Creation of coyote. |
| A1834.2 | Creation of jackal. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1834.3 | Creation of hyena. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1836 | Creation of bear. Dh II 99 (Cf. A1715.2.)—Esthonian: Aarne FFC XXV 146 No. 41; Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 3112; Legends Nos. 175, 216ff.; India: Thompson-Balys; Ojibwa: Jones JAFL XXIX 370, Eskimo (Cumberland Sound): Boas BAM XV 171, (West Hudson Bay): Boas ibid. 307, (Smith Sound): Kroeber JAFL XII 172. |
| A1837 | Origin of seal. Eskimo (Central): Boas RBAE VI 637, 639. |
| A1838 | Origin of walrus. Eskimo (Central): Boas RBAE VI 587. |
| A1840 | Creation of rodentia. |
| A1853 | Creation of mouse. Esthonian: Aarne FFC XXV 150 No. 71 (Cf. A1715.4); Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 3120. Legends No. 220f. |
| A1853.1 | Creation of mouse by devil in ark. (Cf. A1811.2.)—*Dh I 166, 273; *Fb "mus" II 632a.; Finnish: Aarne FFC VIII 11 No. 55, XXXIII 53 No. 55. |
| A1853.1.1 | Mice engendered after flood from rottenness: no mice on ark. Nouvelles Récréations No. 66. |
| A1854 | Creation of rat. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1854.1 | Why we have rats: one escapes from slaughter of rats. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1856 | Creation of hare (rabbit). Dh I 164; India: Thompson-Balys; Eskimo (Central): Boas RBAE VI 639, (Ungava): Turner RBAE XI 263. |
| A1857 | Creation of mongoose. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1858 | Creation of porcupine. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1860 | Creation of primata. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1861 | Creation of monkey. India: *Thompson-Balys; Chinese: Graham; Philippine (Tinguian): Cole 189f.; S. Am. Indian (Macovi): Métraux MAFLS XL 35. |
| A1861.1 | Monkeys from children hidden by Eve when God visited her. (Cf. A1650.1, A1710.)—BP III 320f.; Dh I 247. |
| A1861.2 | Creation of monkeys: old woman thrown into fire. In unsuccessful imitation of Christ, the smith throws an old woman into the fire. She becomes a monkey. (Cf. A1710.)—Dh II 168.—Finnish: Aarne FFC VIII 13 No. 68; Esthonian: Aarne FFC XXV 146 No. 46; Flemish: DeMeyer FFC XXXVII 86 No. 68; German: Grimm No. 147.—Cf. Type 753. |
| A1861.3 | Creation of monkey: lazy man. *Fb "abe" IV 2a. |
| A1862 | Creation of ape. Dh I 156ff. (Cf. A1755); ibid. I 164 (Cf. A1751); ibid. II 100 (Cf. A1715.2.)—Indonesian: De Vries's list No. 74; Palestine: Schmidt-Kahle Volkserzählungen aus Palestina I No. 59; Jewish: Neuman; Chinese: Eberhard FFC CXX 121f. 411 s.v. "Affen entstehen"; Africa (Cameroon): Rosenhuber 38. |
| A1863 | Creation of baboon. Ila (Rhodesia): Smith and Dale 349 No. 4; Zulu: Callaway 178 (transformed men, cf. A1710). |
| A1870 | Creation of ungulata. |
| A1871 | Creation of hog (pig). Dh II 102—Esthonian: Aarne FFC XXV 144 No. 34; Livonian: Loorits FFC LXVI 88 No. 68; India: Thompson-Balys; Rarotonga (Cook Island): Beckwith Myth 101. |
| A1871.0.1 | God's urine used to make pig. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1871.1 | Origin of wild boar. Jewish: Neuman. |
| A1871.2 | Origin of peccary. S. Am. Indian (Cashinawa): Métraux BBAE CXLIII (3) 685. |
| A1872 | Creation of hippopotamus. Africa (Ekoi): Talbot 386. |
| A1873 | Creation of camel. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1875 | Origin of deer. India: Thompson-Balys (A1888). |
| A1875.0.1 | First deer in Ireland—introduced by Tuatha Dé Danann. Irish myth: Cross (A1888.1). |
| A1875.1 | Origin of reindeer. Kodiak: Jochelson JE VI 224; Eskimo (Central): Boas RBAE VI 215 588, (Bering Strait): Nelson RBAE XVIII 454; N. Am. Indian (Kathlamet): Boas RBAE XXVI 109. |
| A1876 | Creation of moose (elk). Quileute: Farrand JAFL XXXII 258. |
| A1876.1 | Creation of caribou. Eskimo (Cumberland Sound): Boas BAM XV 167, 306, (Mackenzie Area): Jenness 80. |
| A1877 | Creation of cow. Dh I 164 (Cf. A1751).—India: *Thompson-Balys; Chinese: Eberhard FFC CXX 120 No. 77; Masai: Werner African 149. |
| A1877.1 | First cattle in Ireland. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A1878 | Creation of bison (buffalo). Cheyenne: Alexander N. Am. 127; India: *Thompson-Balys. |
| A1878.1 | Origin of wild and domestic buffalo. India: *Thompson-Balys. |
| A1881 | Creation of horse. Dh. I 155, 164 (Cf. A1751); *Fb "hest" I 599; Howey Horse in Magic and Myth 213 ff.—Finnish: Aarne FFC VIII 11 No. 58; Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 3092, Legends No. 135f., 153—160; Jewish: Neuman; India: *Thompson-Balys; Philippine (Tinguian): Cole 189. |
| A1881.0.1 | Horse lives from time of Adam on. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A1881.1 | Creation of white horse. Man takes skin of horse and substitutes a white bedspread. Dh. III 86.—Finnish: Aarne FFC VIII 12 No. 60. |
| A1882 | Creation of ass. (cf. A1751.) Dh I 164.—Jewish: Neuman. |
| A1882.1 | Creation of ass: proud horse. (Cf. A1730.) Flemish: DeMeyer FFC XXXVII 86. No. 58a. |
| A1884 | Creation of sheep. Dh I 154f., 164 (Cf. A1751).—India: Thompson-Balys; S. Am. Indian (Toba): Métraux MAFLS XL 115. |
| A1884.0.1 | First sheep in Ireland. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A1884.1 | Creation of mountain sheep. Eskimo (Bering Strait): Nelson RBAE XVIII 454. |
| A1885 | Creation of goat. Dh I 153f., 164 (Cf. A1751); Fb "gjed" IV 178a.; Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 3090, Legends Nos. 149—152; German: Grimm No. 148; India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1887 | Creation of elephant. Benga: Nassau No. 3 (Cf. A1710); Ila (Rhodesia): Smith and Dale 363 No. 15; India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1889 | Creation of ungulata—miscellaneous. |
| A1889.1 | Creation of tapir. S. Am. Indian (Munderucú): Horton BBAE CXLIII (3) 281. |
| A1890 | Creation of other mammals. |
| A1893 | Creation of mole. Dh I 156ff. (Cf. A1755).—England, U.S.: *Baughman. |
| A1895 | Creation of bat. Dh I 155f. (Cf. A1755), ibid. III 268 (Cf. A1710.) —Finnish. Aarne FFC VIII 16 No. 84 (Cf. A1751), ibid. 15 No. 81; Esthonian: Aarne FFC XXV 146 No. 45; Flemish: DeMeyer XXXVII 86 No. 81; India: *Thompson-Balys. |
| A1896 | Creation of anteater. S. Am. Indian (Cashinawa): Métraux BBAE CXLIII (3) 685. |
| A1897 | Creation of armadillo. S. Am. Indian (Cashinawa): Métraux BBAE CXLIII (3) 685. |
| A1900 | Creation of birds. Lappish: Qvigstad FFC LX 38 No. 46; Jewish: Neuman; India: Thompson-Balys; Chinese: Eberhard FFC CXX 123 No. 83; 127; Maori: Clark 15; S. Am. Indian (Toba): Métraux MAFLS XL 29, (Cashinawa): Métraux BBAE CXLIII (3) 685. |
| A1901 | Various birds from Pharaoh's drowned army. (Cf. A1715.1).—Finnish: Aarne FFC VIII 15 No. 82, Esthonian: Aarne FFC XXV 146 No. 48; Lappish: Qvigstad FFC LX 38 No. 45. |
| A1903 | God makes birds, devil reptiles. (Cf. A1751).—Finnish: Aarne FFC VIII 19 No. 105, XXXIII 54 No. 105; Estonian: Aarne FFC XXV 148 No. 58; Lithuanian: Balys Legends No. 124—129. |
| A1904 | The oldest bird. Irish Myth: Cross. |
| A1910 | Creation of passeriformes. |
| A1911 | Creation of lark. Dh I 164 (Cf. A1751).—Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 3148; Legends Nos. 124ff., 258f. |
| A1912 | Creation of thrush (nightingale). |
| A1912.1 | Creation of thrush. Dh I 164 (Cf. A1751). |
| A1912.2 | Creation of nightingale. Estonian: Aarne FFC XXV 147 No. 52; Livonian: Loorits FFC LXVI 90 No. 78; Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 3150; Greek: Grote I 182 (Philomela). |
| A1912.3 | Creation of robin. Naskapi: Speck JAFL XXVIII 74. |
| A1917 | Creation of swallow. Dh III 414ff. (cf. A1710); ibid. I 164 (cf. A1751). —Greek: Grote I 182 (Procne); Finnish: Aarne FFC VIII 15 No. 83, 16 No. 85 (cf. A1751); Estonian: Aarne FFC XXV 147 No. 50; Livonian: Loorits FFC LXVI 90 No. 79 (cf. A1710); Lithuanian: Balys Legends No. 127; Spanish: Boggs FFC XC 37 No. *243. |
| A1918 | Creation of titmouse. (cf. A1710.)—Livonian: Loorits FFC LXVI 90 No. 80. |
| A1919 | Creation of crow (raven). Dh I 164 (Cf. A1751).—India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1921 | Creation of jay. Dh I 164 (cf. A1751).—Finnish: Aarne FFC XXXIII 54 No. 96** (cf. 1715.2), No. 95**. |
| A1922 | Creation of magpie. Dh I 164 (cf. A1751).—Finnish: Aarne FFC VIII 16 No. 88. |
| A1924 | Creation of blackbird. Irish myth: Cross. |
| A1926 | Creation of finch. Dh I 164 (cf. A1751). |
| A1927 | Creation of sparrow. Dh I 165 (cf. A1751).—Lithuanian: Balys Legends No. 130; India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1928 | Creation of myna (bird). India: *Thompson-Balys. |
| A1930 | Creation of faiconiformes. |
| A1931 | Creation of vulture. India: *Thompson-Balys. |
| A1937 | Creation of hawk. Finnish: Aarne FFC VIII 17 No. 95 (cf. A1710); India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1938 | Creation of kite. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1940 | Creation of charidriiformes. Finnish: Aarne FFC VIII 18 No. 101 (waterbird). |
| A1941 | Creation of plover (known as seven whistlers). (Cf. A1715.1.) —England, U.S.: Baughman. |
| A1942 | Origin of snipe. |
| A1942.1 | Snipe from man admitted neither to heaven nor to hell. Finnish: Aarne FFC VIII 18 No. 99. Cf. Type 330A and 330B. |
| A1944 | Creation of sandpiper. |
| A1944.1 | Creation of sandpiper: Pharaoh's cook calls drowned army to dinner. Finnish: Aarne FFC XXXIII 53 No. 82**. |
| A1945 | Creation of gull. |
| A1945.1 | Gull from transformed cat. A cat catches a strong fish with her claws. The fish carries the cat on its back to the sea, where the gull originates from the cat. (Cf. A1710.)—Finnish: Aarne FFC VIII 18 No. 102. |
| A1945.2 | Gull a transformed ravished maiden. While he is sleeping, the maiden the hero has stolen is ravished by another man. The hero thereupon turns her into a gull. (Cf. A1710.)—Finnish: Kalevala Rune 38. |
| A1946 | Creation of quail. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1947 | Creation of pigeon. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1947.1 | Creation of sea pigeon. Eskimo (Ungava): Turner RBAE XI 263, (Labrador): Hawks GSCan XIV 161. |
| A1948 | Creation of dove. Dh I 164 (cf. A1751).—S. Am. Indian (Chiriguano): Métraux RMLP XXXIII 178. |
| A1950 | Creation of coraciiformes. |
| A1951 | Creation of the kingfisher. India: Thompson-Balys, Chinese: Graham. |
| A1952 | Creation of hoopoe. Transformed shepherd. (Cf. A1710, A2261.1.)—*BP III 286 (Gr. No. 173); Dh III 394; Greek: Grote 182 (Tereus). |
| A1957 | Creation of woodpecker. |
| A1957.1 | Woodpecker from devil's herdsman transformed. The devil strikes his herdsman so that he turns into a bird who continually calls after his beloved cow. (Cf. A1710.)—Livonian: Loorits FFC LXVI 90 No. 80. |
| A1958 | Creation of owl. (Cf. A1710.)—Fb "ugle" III 964b.—Lappish: Qvigstad FFC LX 38 No. 47; India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1958.0.1 | The owl is a baker's daughter who objected to the size of the dough put into the oven for Jesus when he appeared in her house as a beggar. Type 751A (woodpecker). (Cf. A1710.) England, U.S.: Baughman.* |
| A1960 | Creation of ciconiiformes. |
| A1965 | Creation of bittern. Maori: Clark 101. |
| A1965.1 | Bittern from Pilate transformed. (Cf. A1710.)—Estonian: Aarne FFC XXV 148 No. 56. |
| A1965.2 | Bittern from transformed shepherd. (Cf. A1710, A2261.1.)—*BP III 286 (Gr. No. 173); Dh III 394. |
| A1966 | Creation of stork. (cf. A1715.)—Dh II 102; India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1970 | Creation of miscellaneous birds. |
| A1975 | Creation of diver (bird). Greek: Frazer Apollodorus II 45 n. 2 (cf. A1710). |
| A1981 | Origin of swan. |
| A1981.0.1 | Origin of swans from two fowls fed in Urd's well. Icel.: Snorra Edda Gylf. XVI, Boberg. |
| A1983 | Creation of duck. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1988 | Creation of chicken. India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1992 | Creation of crane. Irish myth: Cross; India: Thompson-Balys. |
| A1993 | Creation of cuckoo. Dh II 99, 101 (Cf. A1715.2.)—Livonian: Loorits FFC LXVI 90 No. 78; Flemish: DeMeyer FFC XXXVII 88 No. 94a; Lithuanian: Balys Index No. 3134ff., Legends Nos. 248—252; India: Thompson-Balys. |
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